The Sequential Aerosol Technique: A Major Component in an Integrated Strategy of Intervention against Riverine Tsetse in Ghana

Adam, Yahaya; Cecchi, Giuliano; Kgori, Patrick M.; Marcotty, Tanguy; Mahama, Charles I.; Abavana, Martin; Anderson, Benita; Paone, Massimo; Mattioli, Raffaele C.; Bouyer, Jérémy

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002135

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…SAT operations usually require 5 cycles, applied at intervals of 15-20 days. SAT has been shown to be effective in eliminating tsetse in savannah environments (Kgori et al, 2006), although difficulties have been encountered with riverine tsetse species in areas of dense vegetation (Adam et al, 2013).…”

Section: Aerial Spraying Using the Sequential Aerosol Technique (Sat)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Shaw

Wint

Cecchi³

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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This study builds upon earlier work mapping the potential benefits from bovine trypanosomosis control and analysing the costs of different approaches. Updated costs were derived for five intervention techniques: trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the release of sterile males. Two strategies were considered: continuous control and elimination. For mapping the costs, cattle densities, environmental constraints, and the presence of savannah or riverine tsetse species were taken into account. These were combined with maps of potential benefits to produce maps of benefit-cost ratios. The results illustrate a diverse picture, and they clearly indicate that no single technique or strategy is universally profitable. For control using trypanocide prophylaxis, returns are modest, even without accounting for the risk of drug resistance but, in areas of low cattle densities, this is the only approach that yields a positive return. Where cattle densities are sufficient to support it, the use of insecticidetreated cattle stands out as the most consistently profitable technique, widely achieving benefit-cost ratios above 5. In parts of the high-potential areas such as the mixed farming, high-oxen-use zones of western Ethiopia, the fertile crescent north of Lake Victoria and the dairy production areas in western and central Kenya, all tsetse control strategies achieve benefit-cost ratios from 2 to over 15, and for elimination strategies, ratios from 5 to over 20. By contrast, in some areas, notably where cattle densities are below 20 per km 2 , the costs of interventions against tsetse match or even outweigh the benefits, especially for control scenarios using aerial spraying or the deployment of targets where both savannah and riverine flies are present. If the burden of human African trypanosomosis were factored in, the benefit-cost ratios of some of the low-return areas would be considerably increased. Comparatively, elimination strategies give rise to higher benefit-cost ratios than do those for continuous control. However, the costs calculated for elimination assume problem-free, large scale operations, and they rest on the outputs of entomological models that are difficult to validate in the field. Experience indicates that the conditions underlying successful and sustained elimination campaigns are seldom met. By choosing the most appropriate thresholds for benefit-cost ratios, decision-makers and planners can use the maps to define strategies, assist in prioritising areas for intervention, and help choose among intervention techniques and approaches. The methodology would have wider applicability in analysing other disease constraints with a strong spatial component.

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Section: Aerial Spraying Using the Sequential Aerosol Technique (Sat)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Costs for different interventions against tsetse and trypanosomosis, based on a hypothetical area of 10,000 km 2 in Uganda were provided by Shaw et al (2013a). Since then, new information on costs has emerged from a number of recent field interventions (Adam et al, 2013;Bouyer et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Shaw

Wint

Cecchi³

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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“…km. /day for the latter species) [32]. Moreover, the percentage of tsetse attracted to the trap that actually enter it is generally low (<0.2) [33], and tsetse challenge for cattle is thus probably underestimated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating Cattle to Protect People? Impact of Footbath Insecticide Treatment on Tsetse Density in Chad

et al. 2013

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BackgroundIn Chad, several species of tsetse flies (Genus: Glossina ) transmit African animal trypanosomoses (AAT), which represents a major obstacle to cattle rearing, and sleeping sickness, which impacts public health. After the failure of past interventions to eradicate tsetse, the government of Chad is now looking for other approaches that integrate cost-effective intervention techniques, which can be applied by the stake holders to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomoses in a sustainable manner. The present study thus attempted to assess the efficacy of restricted application of insecticides to cattle leg extremities using footbaths for controlling Glossina m. submorsitans, G . tachinoides and G . f . fuscipes in southern Chad.Methodology/Principal FindingsTwo sites were included, one close to the historical human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) focus of Moundou and the other to the active foci of Bodo and Moissala. At both sites, a treated and an untreated herd were compared. In the treatment sites, cattle were treated on a regular basis using a formulation of deltamethrin 0.005% (67 to 98 cattle were treated in one of the sites and 88 to 102 in the other one). For each herd, tsetse densities were monthly monitored using 7 biconical traps set along the river and beside the cattle pen from February to December 2009. The impact of footbath treatment on tsetse populations was strong (p < 10-3) with a reduction of 80% in total tsetse catches by the end of the 6-month footbath treatment.Conclusions/SignificanceThe impact of footbath treatment as a vector control tool within an integrated strategy to manage AAT and HAT is discussed in the framework of the “One Health” concept. Like other techniques based on the treatment of cattle, this technology should be used under controlled conditions, in order to avoid the development of insecticide and acaricide resistance in tsetse and tick populations, respectively.

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“…) and the eradication of the tsetse fly aims at eliminating AAT, which negatively affects human livelihoods and food security through the loss of livestock (Adam et al . ). This raises the question if it is possible to define a border up to which eradications of species are justified and where it should be placed.…”

Section: Is There An Ethical or Legal Basis For The Eradication Of Bimentioning

confidence: 97%

License to Kill?—Disease Eradication Programs May Not be in Line with the Convention on Biological Diversity

Hochkirch

Beninde

Fischer

et al. 2017

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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Global human population growth is associated with many problems, such as food and water provision, political conflicts, spread of diseases, and environmental destruction. The mitigation of these problems is mirrored in several global conventions and programs, some of which, however, are conflicting. Here, we discuss the conflicts between biodiversity conservation and disease eradication. Numerous health programs aim at eradicating pathogens, and many focus on the eradication of vectors, such as mosquitos or other parasites. As a case study, we focus on the "Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign," which aims at eradicating a pathogen (Trypanosoma) as well as its vector, the entire group of tsetse flies (Glossinidae). As the distribution of tsetse flies largely overlaps with the African hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, we argue for a strong consideration of environmental issues when applying vector control measures, especially the aerial applications of insecticides. Furthermore, we want to stimulate discussions on the value of species and whether full eradication of a pathogen or vector is justified at all. Finally, we call for a stronger harmonization of international conventions. Proper environmental impact assessments need to be conducted before control or eradication programs are carried out to minimize negative effects on biodiversity.

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The Sequential Aerosol Technique: A Major Component in an Integrated Strategy of Intervention against Riverine Tsetse in Ghana

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Treating Cattle to Protect People? Impact of Footbath Insecticide Treatment on Tsetse Density in Chad

License to Kill?—Disease Eradication Programs May Not be in Line with the Convention on Biological Diversity

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