The Self and Cognitive Balance: Improvements in Balance Theory's Predictive Power

Hodges, Daniel L.

doi:10.2307/1388304

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Defining inconsistent stimuli as those experiences having a content or meaning that is either unrelated to or descriptive of the opposite of some aspect of the self-structure, Cartwright attempted to measure the consistency between experience (stimuli) and the self-concept as reflected in three different types of experiences (stimuli): nonsense syllables, adjectives, and names of possessions. Hodges (1966), more so than other cognitive self-consistency researchers, contends that the self as conceived by Cooley (1902), Mead (1934), and Burrows (1953) can be conceptualized as a principle of balance. Hodges attempted to test explicitly the theoretical principles of balance theory as they relate to the cognitive structuring of the self.…”

Section: Self-concept: a Cognitive Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this is too simplistic and in fact doesn't reveal the true differences in cognitive structures. For one thing, one must recognize that if consistency is operationally defined as balanced units in the Heiderian sense and as represented in Hodges's (1966) study, then what may be consistent for one individual may be discrepant (in the sense of unbalanced unit relations) for another individual. For instance, it may be extremely important for some individuals to have at all times a strong positive unit relation between the "I" and "me" self-referents and the "we" self-referent; while for others having a very weak or none-at-all unit relation between the "I" and "me" self-referents and the "we" self-referent may be the necessary balanced cognitive-self organization to maintain.…”

Section: Differential Cognitive Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychological Research and the Black Self‐Concept: A Critical Review

Nobles

1973

Journal of Social Issues

102

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Distinctive theoretical features characterizing research in the area of the self‐concept, with attention paid to the approaches of phenomenology, existentialism, behaviorism, and symbolic interaction, are related to investigations into the nature of the black self‐concept. A modification of Mead's symbolic interactional approaches is developed. The grounding of research on the black self‐concept in non‐African epistemologies is considered sufficient reason to discard most, if not all, previously published research in the area.

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Section: Self-concept: a Cognitive Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differential Cognitive Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Research and the Black Self‐Concept: A Critical Review

Nobles

1973

Journal of Social Issues

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While balance theory may appear valid in some cases, it is noticeably deficient in others. Zajonc (cited in Hodges, 1966) observed that regardless of how much a child likes Popeye, they may very much dislike spinach, contrary to balance theory's predictions. Zajonc also reported a comment by Festinger, who noted that according to balance theory, if someone likes chicken and chickens like chicken feed, the person should come to like chicken feed as well or else face some aversive imbalance.…”

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confidence: 99%

A hobgoblin of large minds: Troubles with consistency in belief

Sommer

Musolino

Hemmer

2022

WIRES Cognitive Science

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Beliefs are, in many ways, central to psychology and, in turn, consistency is central to belief. Theories in philosophy and psychology assume that beliefs must be consistent with each other for people to be rational. That people fail to hold fully consistent beliefs has, therefore, been the subject of much theorizing, with numerous mechanisms proposed to explain how inconsistency is possible. Despite the widespread assumption of consistency as a default, achieving a consistent set of beliefs is computationally intractable. We review research on consistency in philosophy and psychology and argue that it is consistency, not inconsistency, that requires explanation. We discuss evidence from the attitude, belief, and persuasion literatures, which suggests that accessibility of beliefs in memory is one possible mechanism for achieving a limited, but psychologically plausible, form of consistency. Finally, we conclude by suggesting future directions for research beginning from the assumption of inconsistency as the default. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods Philosophy > Knowledge and Belief

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Retrospective and subsequent metropolitan residential mobility

1968

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RESUMENEn enfoque de la investigadi6n en EU sobre movilidad residencial ha consistido principalmente en una integraci6n de perspectivas demograjicas y psicologicas sociales del mismo tipo del que ha sido usado en el estudio de la fertilidad humana. Este articulo combina daios sobre movilidad retrospectiva y subsecuente obtenidos por medio de una muestra al azar del area de Los Angeles para demostrar que un plan de movilidad expresado en el pasado, elegida su secuencia de actualizaci6n es congruente con subsecuentes cambios de domicilio.Primero, nosotroe hicimos comparaciones de planes de movilidad con un criteria de medida de subsecuente movilidad, manteniendo controles por ciclo de vida-etapas. Segundo, nosotros usamos planes de movilidad, eleccion, y conducta eubsecuenie para construir tipologias de "moviles" y "estables" definidos en terminos de anticipaci6n de movilidad, cumplimiento y conducta. Tercero, nosoteros comparamos anteriores mudanzas con planes y elecciones, las cuales son luego constrastadas con movilidad subsecuente. M ovilidad anterior, planes, eleccion, y el ciclo de vida de la familia responden por aproximadamente el 80 por ciento de las posibles variaciones en tasa de movilidad para el distrito metropolitano de Los Angeles. Para las definiciones de tiempo y medida utilizadas, la mayor contribuci6n relativa a las tasas de movilidad son hechas por plan y elecci6n, pero las mas notables diferencias de tasas son observadas cuando la experiencia es tomada en cuenta. Experiencia de movilidad lleva a una mayor probabilidad de un plan y eleccion de mudarse, y a una crecienie probabilidad de realizar esas metas.La analogia con investigaciones de fertilidad sugiere que futuros estudios de movilidad residencial necesitan incorporar conceptos psicologicos sociales con el [oco en historia de migraci6n, cadena de M arkov, analisis de Cohortes, tablas de expectativas de migraci6n, y tecnicas de conexi6n de poblaci6n a traves del tiempo. Esas investigaciones van a indicar con mas claridad como la actualizaci6n de planes 0 elecciones lleva a la poblaci6n en diferentes canales de movilidad 0 estabilidad. SUMMARYThe focus of United States residential mobility research on either past or future moves has hindered an integration of demographic and social psychological perspectives of the type that have been used in the study of human fertility. This paper combines retrospective and subsequent mobility data obtained from a Los Angeles area probability sample to demonstrate that a past mobilitychoice, plan-actualization sequence is congruent with subsequent moves.First, comparisons are made of mobility plans and choices with subsequent mobility, controlling for life cycle stages. Second, mobility plan, choice, and subsequent behavior are used to construct a typology of "movers" and "stayers" defined in terms of mobility anticipation, fulfillment, and behavior. Third, past moves are compared with plan and choice, which are then contrasted with subsequent mobility. Past mobility, plan, choice, and the life cycle accou...

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The Self and Cognitive Balance: Improvements in Balance Theory's Predictive Power

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Psychological Research and the Black Self‐Concept: A Critical Review

Psychological Research and the Black Self‐Concept: A Critical Review

A hobgoblin of large minds: Troubles with consistency in belief

Retrospective and subsequent metropolitan residential mobility

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