The <scp>WHO</scp>/<scp>IUIS</scp> Allergen Nomenclature

Goodman, Richard E.; Breiteneder, Heimo

doi:10.1111/all.13693

Cited by 29 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Contributing factors are the disruption of the epithelial barrier by bacterial proteases and pore-forming toxins, the release of alarmins from epithelial cells in response to bacterial virulence factors, and the release of histamine from leukocytes or mast cells triggered by bacterial components 124,125 . These factors target non-haematopoietic cells or the innate immune system, whereas others, such as bacterial allergens, influence adaptive immunity 126,127 .…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult chronic rhinosinusitis

Bachert

Marple

Schlosser

et al. 2020

Nat Rev Dis Primers

176

175

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Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), that is, inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses for at least 12 weeks, occurs in >10% of adults in Europe and the USA and poses a substantial global health and economic burden. Common symptoms include facial pain or pressure, nasal discharge, congestion, and hyposmia or anosmia (Fig. 1). Patients with CRS may also have other inflammatory airway conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. CRS can be differentiated into disease without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and disease with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) based on nasal endoscopic findings. Both CRSsNP and CRSwNP have distinct symptoms, CT findings, treatments, and risks of recurrence and comorbid asthma 1. In addition, both phenotypes are characterized by structural remodelling (with collagen and fibrin deposition) and inflammation, and have combinations of type 1, 3 and/or type 2 inflammatory signatures that vary between diseases (Table 1). The inflammatory signatures determine the CRS endotype, which affects disease severity, comorbidity, prognosis and response to treatment 2. Our understanding the pathophysiology of CRS has evolved from impaired ventilation and drainage of the sinus cavities to a mucosal concept, which focuses on the immunology of the sinus mucosa and its deviation. Indeed, non-type 2 CRSsNP and type 2 CRSwNP are the two ends of a spectrum of disease that require different pharmacological and, eventually, biologic treatments in addition to different surgical approaches from mucosa-sparing functional surgery to mucosa-removing reboot surgery. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies targeting type 2 key immune regulators and effectors, CRS, in particular uncontrolled severe CRSwNP, will likely turn into a disease often controlled by biologics, which can be combined with tailored surgery if necessary. The mucosal concept based on endotyping may allow a precision treatment approach for all patient groups with CRS. This Primer provides a classical overview on CRS, covering state-of-the art clinical topics ranging from epidemiology to prevention and from diagnosis to pharma cological and surgical management of the disease. Of note, this Primer also discusses the role of immunology of the sinus mucosa and the interaction with offenders, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that leads to severe CRSwNP. In addition, the therapeutic principles targeting immune reactions in CRSwNP are discussed. Epidemiology CRS was thought to be one of most common diseases, imparting a substantial burden on individuals and society; however, the global epidemiology has only recently been understood. Objective diagnostic tools, such as nasal endoscopy or sinus CT, are recommended to confirm the diagnosis of CRS in clinical settings but are difficult to apply in large-scale population studies. Furthermore, symptom-based diagnosis may not be highly precise, as ~40% of patients with a symptom-based diagnosis show no endoscopic or radiologic evidence for the disease 3. However, the introduction Hyposmia Reduced ability to smell. Anosmi...

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Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adult chronic rhinosinusitis

Bachert

Marple

Schlosser

et al. 2020

Nat Rev Dis Primers

176

175

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“…Currently, more than one thousand allergens from various allergenic sources have been described. Most of these molecules, that are relevant for AIT decisions, belong to a limited number of protein families and have been extensively revised 4,20,21 . More than 40 % of the relevant plant allergens belong to six protein families: 2S albumins ,non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP)), legumins, vicilins , profilins and pathogenesis-related (PR)-10 proteins 22 .…”

Section: Overview Of Allergenic Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular allergology and its impact in specific allergy diagnosis and therapy

Barber

Perales

Escribese

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Progressive knowledge of allergenic structures resulted in a broad availability of allergenic molecules for diagnosis. Component resolved diagnosis allowed a better understanding of patient sensitization patterns, facilitating allergen immunotherapy decisions. In parallel to the discovery of allergenic molecules, there was a progressive development of a regulation framework that affected both in vitro diagnostics and Allergen Immunotherapy products. With a progressive understanding of underlying mechanisms associated to Allergen immunotherapy and an increasing experience of application of molecular diagnosis in daily life, we focus in analyzing the evidences of the value provided by molecular allergology in daily clinical practice, with a focus on Allergen Immunotherapy decissions.

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“…The use of the taxonomic name of the source organism now ensures a consistent nomenclature that enables communication within allergy research and clinical care and with external regulatory bodies ( 17 ). Today, applying for a unique name from the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee is a critical step prior to the publication of data on a novel allergen ( 5 ).…”

Section: Allergensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, the impacts of early consensus nomenclature are enormous, and the immunological community has an excellent track record of conducting worldwide cooperative efforts on nomenclature issues ( 2 ). Remarkable examples of these include nomenclature for antigen receptor (IG and TR) genes ( 3 ), cytokines and chemokines and their receptors ( 4 ), as well as allergens ( 5 ), cell types ( 6 , 7 ) and the CD nomenclature for monoclonal antibodies ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%