The science of behavior and decision-making

Hardy, Elizabeth; Naru, Faisal; Cavassini, Filippo; Petrova, Dafina; Steinnes, Kamilla Knutsen; Kácha, Ondřej; Berkessel, Jana; Kunz, Marvin; Ruggeri, Kai

doi:10.4324/9781351052542-4

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Behavioral science should not limit its scope to the (ir)rationality of behavior: according to Ruggeri et al ( 2019 ), “Behavioral sciences aim to draw justifiable, objective conclusions about these inconsistent behaviors through systematic study” (p. 60; emphasis in original). Behavioral science, consistently and in concert with BA, should address all forms of behavior understanding and modification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioral science comprises an umbrella of disciplines that share a strong focus on behavior. Each of them contributes with their theories and approaches and this work aims to discuss the contributions of behavioral economics (BE) and behavior analysis (BA) to influencing behavior and policy using two cost-effective approaches that prompt better choices and decision making, nudging and boosting, which have been progressively adopted in policymaking (see Organisation of Economic Cooperation & Development [OECD], 2017a , b ; Ruggeri et al, 2019 ). Like BA, BE aims at understanding human behavior with sufficient descriptive reliability by including empirical observations (i.e., data on how people behave) in research on choice and decision making.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking

Tagliabue

2022

Perspect Behav Sci

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As recent trends in policymaking call for increased contributions from behavioral science, nudging and boosting represent two effective and relatively economic approaches for influencing choice behavior. They utilize concepts from behavioral economics to affect agents’ concurrent suboptimal choices: in principle, without applying coercion. However, most choice situations involve some coercive elements. This study features a functional analysis of rationality, nudging, and boosting applied to public policy. The relationship between behavior and environmental variables is termed a “behavioral contingency,” and the analysis can include social and cultural phenomena by applying a selectionist perspective. Principles of behavioral control, whether tight or loose, may be exerted by policymakers or regulators who subscribe to paternalistic principles and may be met with demands of libertarianism among their recipients. This warrants discussion of the legitimacy and likelihood of behavioral control and influence on choices. Cases and examples are provided for extending the unit of analysis of choice behavior to achieve outcomes regulated by policies at the individual and group levels, including health, climate, and education. Further research and intervention comprise the study of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies. Advancing the understanding and application of behavioral science to policymaking may, therefore, benefit from moving from the relatively independent contributions of behavioral economics and behavior analysis to an inclusive selectionist approach for addressing choice behavior and cultural practices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking

Tagliabue

2022

Perspect Behav Sci

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“…More recently, Kahneman introduced the concept of noise “as a source of error in human decision-making. Noise, as opposed to biases, is not the systematic error of judgement but rather a randomly occurring inaccuracy, influenced by unstable situational factors” (Ruggeri et al, 2019, p. 67).…”

Section: Nudging: Definition and Context Dependencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Models of Cognition and Their Applications in Behavioral Economics: A Conceptual Framework for Nudging Derived From Behavior Analysis and Relational Frame Theory

2019

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This paper puts forward a rounder conceptual model for interpreting short- and long-term effects of choice behavior. As a further development of dual-process theory, Kahneman (2003) distinguished between intuition and reasoning, which served as the respective precursors of the cognitive processing systems 1 and 2. We maintain that they reflect the more rigorous distinction between brief and immediate and extended and elaborated relational responding, which may be reinterpreted through an analysis of their functional properties. Repertoires of relational responding are offered by the multi-dimensional multi-level model. Specifically, we provide a conceptual account of how nudging, or the manipulation of environmental contingencies, works on the creation and modification of relational framing. Educative nudges, or boosts, are a subset of nudges that may more easily maintain target choice behavior in the future. The central role of verbal behavior is essential toward formulating rules, which inform and guide choice behavior over time. Although nudges are traditionally regarded as System 1-steered aspects, they are herein regarded as cues for responding to relational frames, which may induce System 2-steered aspects. We suggest adopting the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) to inform how coherent and immediate responding to novel relational responding may occur in the presence of choice behavior. Several examples are included to support the claim of encompassing relational responding and choice behavior. We address the instances of consumer behavior, stereotypy and prejudices, eating behavior, and overcoming cognitive biases. The conclusions depict a promising way forward for the study of choice: an improved model for interpreting and overcoming human errors, due to changes in the contingencies of behavior.

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“…With the developments in neuroscience, many researchers have employed Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) and Event-Related Oscillations (EROs) to investigate the decision-making process. The behavior of an individual directly stems from their decision-making process ( Ruggeri et al, 2019 ). During decision-making, individuals gather, analyze, and evaluate pertinent information, leading to a certain behavior, which is considered to be a complex cognitive process ( Shadlen and Kiani, 2013 ; Prezenski et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the influence mechanism of perceived benefits on unsafe behavioral decision-making based on ERPs and EROs

Zhang,

Yang,

Wei

et al. 2023

Front. Neurosci.

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IntroductionPerceived benefits are considered one of the significant factors affecting an individual’s decision-making process. Our study aimed to explore the influence mechanism of perceived benefits in the decision-making process of unsafe behaviors.MethodsOur study used the “One Stimulus-Two Key Choice (S-K1/K2)” paradigm to conduct an EEG experiment. Participants (N = 18) made decisions in risky scenarios under high perceived benefits (HPB), low perceived benefits (LPB), and control conditions (CC). Time domain analysis and time-frequency analysis were applied to the recorded EEG data to extract ERPs (event-related potentials) and EROs (event-related oscillations), which include the P3 component, theta oscillations, alpha oscillations, and beta oscillations.ResultsUnder the HPB condition, the theta power in the central (p = 0.016*) and occipital regions (p = 0.006**) was significantly decreased compared to the CC. Similarly, the alpha power in the frontal (p = 0.022*), central (p = 0.037*), and occipital regions (p = 0.014*) was significantly reduced compared to the CC. Under the LPB condition, theta power in the frontal (p = 0.026*), central (p = 0.028*), and occipital regions (p = 0.010*) was significantly reduced compared to the CC. Conversely, alpha power in the frontal (p = 0.009**), central (p = 0.012*), and occipital regions (p = 0.040*) was significantly increased compared to the HPB condition.DiscussionThe high perceived benefits may reduce individuals’ internal attention and evoke individuals’ positive emotions and motivation, leading individuals to underestimate risks. Consequently, they exhibited a greater inclination toward unsafe behaviors. However, the low perceived benefits may reduce individuals’ memory review, resulting in a simple decision-making process, and they are more inclined to make fast decisions to avoid loss. The research results can help to provide targeted intervention measures, which are beneficial to reducing workers’ unsafe behaviors.

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The science of behavior and decision-making

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking

Tutorial. A Behavioral Analysis of Rationality, Nudging, and Boosting: Implications for Policymaking

Models of Cognition and Their Applications in Behavioral Economics: A Conceptual Framework for Nudging Derived From Behavior Analysis and Relational Frame Theory

Study on the influence mechanism of perceived benefits on unsafe behavioral decision-making based on ERPs and EROs

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