The School-To-Prison Pipeline: An Examination of the Association Between Suspension and Justice System Involvement

Novak, Abigail

doi:10.1177/0093854819846917

Cited by 63 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…These costs are potentially formidable and might accumulate over time, leading to lower educational attainment or earlier involvement in the criminal justice system (Wolf and Kupchik 2017). Indeed, being suspended from school has been associated with decreased school engagement (Pyne 2019) and increased association with deviant peers (Novak 2019;Hemphill et al 2012) and increased antisocial behavior (Hemphill et. al.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes

Sorensen

Bushway

Gifford

2022

Education Finance and Policy

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Nationwide, school principals are given wide discretion to use disciplinary tools like suspension and expulsion to create a safe learning environment. There is legitimate concern that this power can have negative consequences, particularly for the students who are excluded. This study uses linked disciplinary, education, and criminal justice records from 2008 to 2016 in North Carolina to examine the impact of principal-driven disciplinary decisions on middle school student outcomes. We find that principals who are more likely to remove students lead to reductions in reported rates of minor student misconduct. However, this deterrence comes at a high cost – these harsher principals generate more juvenile justice complaints and reduce high school graduation rates for all students in their schools. Students who committed minor disciplinary infractions in a school with a harsh principal suffer additional declines in attendance and test scores. Finally, principals exhibiting racial bias in their disciplinary decisions also widen educational gaps between White and Black students.

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confidence: 99%

“…al., 2012). Scholars have in turn hypothesized these factors serve as mechanisms by which suspension can lead to criminal justice involvement (Novak 2019;Hemphill 2012;Moore and McArthur 2014;Skiba, Arredondo, and Williams 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes

Sorensen

Bushway

Gifford

2022

Education Finance and Policy

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“…However, interpreting our results may not be this straightforward. In a recent study examining the moderating mechanism by which suspended students become involved in the criminal justice system, Novak (2019) found that school commitment was not affected directly by suspension but indirectly through deviant peers. Students who were suspended by age 12 were more likely to associate with deviant peers, and deviant peers predicted justice system involvement by age 18.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schools and neighborhood crime: The effects of dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile crime

Gerlinger

Hipp

2020

The Social Science Journal

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Objectives: We argue that assessing the level of crime concentration across cities has four challenges: 1) how much variability should we expect to observe; 2) whether concentration should be measured across different types of macro units of different sizes; 3) a statistical challenge for measuring crime concentration; 4) the temporal assumption employed when measuring high crime locations.Methods: We use data for 42 cities in southern California with at least 40,000 population to assess the level of crime concentration in them for five different Part 1 crimes and total Part 1 crimes over 2005-12. We demonstrate that the traditional measure of crime concentration is confounded by crimes that spatially locate due to random chance. We also use two measures employing different temporal assumptions: a historically adjusted crime concentration measure, and a temporally adjusted crime concentration measure (a novel approximate solution that is simple for researchers to implement).Results: There is much variability in crime concentration over cities in the top 5% of street segments. The standard deviation across cities over years for the temporally adjusted crime concentration measure is between 10% and 20% across crime types (with the average range typically being about 15% to 90%). The historically adjusted concentration has similar variability and typically ranges from about 35% to 100%. Conclusions:The study provides evidence of variability in the level of crime concentration across cities, but also raises important questions about the temporal scale when measuring this concentration. The results open an exciting new area of research exploring why levels of crime concentration may vary over cities? Either micro-or macro-theories may help researchers in exploring this new direction.

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“…Among the few studies that have assessed the potential moderating or mediating mechanisms between exclusions and criminality, it seems that suspended students may turn to deviance following an increase in deviant peer relationships. Novak (2019) assessed both school commitment and deviant peer exposure and found that only deviant peer exposure predicted later justice system involvement. Although school commitment was not significant in this study, in contrast to the hypothesis put forth by the present study, it is possible this was a result of the measures used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exclusionary School Discipline and Neighborhood Crime

Gerlinger

2020

Socius

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The author investigates the impact of law-and-order schools, defined as those that rely heavily on exclusionary discipline (i.e., suspension and expulsion) as a form of punishment, on neighborhood crime. Additional analyses are performed to assess whether the effects of punitive school discipline on local crime are moderated by neighborhood disadvantage. Findings suggest that suspensions are associated with increases in local crime—evidence of a macro-level school-to-prison pipeline—while expulsions are generally associated with fewer crime incidents. Although disciplinary exclusions appear to increase crime at fairly consistent rates across levels of neighborhood disadvantage, both exclusion types are associated with more aggravated assault in areas with higher levels of disadvantage. As such, institutional processes of the school appear to help explain variations in community crime.

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The School-To-Prison Pipeline: An Examination of the Association Between Suspension and Justice System Involvement

Cited by 63 publications

References 57 publications

Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes

Getting Tough? The Effects of Discretionary Principal Discipline on Student Outcomes

Schools and neighborhood crime: The effects of dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile crime

Exclusionary School Discipline and Neighborhood Crime

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