“…The retina is equipped with a highly sensitive innate immune system that responds with three key pathways: migration of microglia cells, activation of the complement system to opsonize cellular debris, and inflammasome assembly in the RPE (reviewed in [20]). To achieve this coordinated response, retinal cells express a panoply of immune protein receptors and mediators such as, microbial sensors (Toll-like receptors-TLRs), NOD-like receptors-NLRs, RIG-1 like helicases), cytokines, chemokines, as well as a group of complement components; all directed to assist the cells with eliminating the current insult [21]. In oxidative stress conditions, rapid activation of this immune response is intended to induce restoration of tissue homeostasis, but upon persistent damage, chronic overactivation of the inflammatory response can cause devastating tissue remodeling and destruction, thus leading to irreversible retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR).…”