2017
DOI: 10.1177/2470547016682965
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The Roots of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Childhood Trauma, Information Processing, and Self-protective Strategies

Abstract: Background: Although childhood endangerment often precedes adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the mechanism from danger to disorder is unclear. We proposed a developmental process in which unprotected and uncomforted danger in childhood would be associated with ''shortcuts'' in information processing that, in adulthood, could result in PTSD if the adult experienced additional exposure to danger. Information processing was defined as the basic associative, dissociative, and integrative processes used b… Show more

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Cited by 23 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…However, where the ABC+D method uses markers of confusion, irrational thinking, disorientation, incoherence, and continuing fear and guilt as indices of unresolved/disorganized responses to trauma, the DMM currently identifies 12 forms of psychological trauma (dismissed, displaced, denied, blocked from recall, preoccupied, vicarious, hinted, suggested, imagined, delusional, depressed, and disorganized). In research using the AAI with DMM classificatory guidelines (Crittenden & Landini, ), preoccupied psychological trauma has been associated with normative functioning and mild anxieties (e.g., Hughes, Hardy, & Kendrick, ; Landini, Crittenden, & Landi, ; Shah et al., ) whereas other forms of psychological trauma were associated with specific psychiatric disorders (e.g., dismissed‐and‐preoccupying trauma and disorganized trauma in PTSD: Crittenden & Heller, ; imagined trauma in eating disorders: Ringer & Crittenden, ; denied, blocked, delusional, depressed, and disorganized forms of psychological trauma in borderline personality disorder: Crittenden & Newman, ). We think that psychological trauma, more than unresolved loss, is relevant to parental maltreatment of children, and that it can be assessed in a nuanced way.…”
Section: Point 2: the Abc+dmm May Be Better Attuned To The Issues Of mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, where the ABC+D method uses markers of confusion, irrational thinking, disorientation, incoherence, and continuing fear and guilt as indices of unresolved/disorganized responses to trauma, the DMM currently identifies 12 forms of psychological trauma (dismissed, displaced, denied, blocked from recall, preoccupied, vicarious, hinted, suggested, imagined, delusional, depressed, and disorganized). In research using the AAI with DMM classificatory guidelines (Crittenden & Landini, ), preoccupied psychological trauma has been associated with normative functioning and mild anxieties (e.g., Hughes, Hardy, & Kendrick, ; Landini, Crittenden, & Landi, ; Shah et al., ) whereas other forms of psychological trauma were associated with specific psychiatric disorders (e.g., dismissed‐and‐preoccupying trauma and disorganized trauma in PTSD: Crittenden & Heller, ; imagined trauma in eating disorders: Ringer & Crittenden, ; denied, blocked, delusional, depressed, and disorganized forms of psychological trauma in borderline personality disorder: Crittenden & Newman, ). We think that psychological trauma, more than unresolved loss, is relevant to parental maltreatment of children, and that it can be assessed in a nuanced way.…”
Section: Point 2: the Abc+dmm May Be Better Attuned To The Issues Of mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this context, patterns of attachment are considered self-protective strategies that vary dimensionally in different uses of cognitive-contingent information and affect-arousing information to organize behavior. For the analysis and classification of AAI transcripts, the DMM considers several self-protective attachment strategies, unresolved psychological trauma and loss, and modifiers (Crittenden & Heller, 2017;Crittenden & Landini, 2011). The three basic groups of self-protective attachment strategies (Types A, B, and C), each subdivided into specific subcategories, are defined in terms of the degree of integration of cognitive and affective information.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Adults maltreated or neglected in childhood may show high-risk attachment strategies that reflect high-index Type A+ (A3-A8) or Type C+ (C3-C8) patterns, sometimes organized as mixed patterns (A+/C+, A+C+). Such high-index patterns refer to A and/or C strategies with increasingly distorted levels of affect and cognition, respectively, and are often associated with clinical disorders (Crittenden & Heller, 2017;Crittenden & Newman, 2010;Landini, Crittenden, & Landi, 2016;Zachrisson, Sommerfeldt, & Skårderud, 2011). Table 1 summarizes the Berkeley and the DMM classification systems.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We agree with Spieker and Crittenden that because the samples were small and “Crittenden supervised … classifications” (p. 635), the studies require larger scale replications. When we combine various small studies, the aggregate sample comprises substantial numbers of maltreated ( n = 187) and “adequately reared,” typical, or normative ( n = 124) children (Crittenden , ; Crittenden et al., ; Crittenden & Heller, ; Crittenden, Robson, & Tooby, ; Shah, Fonagy, & Strathearn, ). In the typical group, there were 25% children (31/124) with an atypical DMM attachment classification.…”
Section: Dmm Measures Cannot Reliably Retrodict Maltreatmentmentioning
confidence: 99%