The roles of serpins in mosquito immunology and physiology

Gulley, Melissa; Zhang, Xin; Michel, Kristin

doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.08.015

Cited by 82 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 141 publications

(199 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, serpin-15 mRNA expression increases in the fat body of B. mori following bacterial, fungal and viral injections (Liu et al, 2015). This kind of trend in the expression is also reported for most insect serpins (Danielli et al, 2003;Zheng et al, 2009;Zou et al, 2009;Gulley et al, 2013). All these authors suggest that these serpins regulate specifi c immune reactions in insects and it is likely that Apserpin-10 has a crucial role in the regulation of the immune processes in A. pernyi.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Characterization and functional analysis of the serpin-10 gene from oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Kausar¹,

Qian²,

Abbas³

et al. 2017

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Characterization and functional analysis of the serpin-10 gene from oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Kausar¹,

Qian²,

Abbas³

et al. 2017

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…Serpins are the largest family of serine protease inhibitors and were shown to be key regulators of innate immune reactions, activation of pro-phenoloxidase and hence melanisation, proteolytic activation of Toll pathway and activation of the complement like-system by proteolytic cleavage of thioester-containing proteins (reviewed in [65]). In the mosquito- Plasmodium interaction, an immune-responsive serpin was demonstrated to control the parasite population in the gut and salivary glands of the mosquito [66, 67].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsetse fly tolerance to T. brucei infection: transcriptome analysis of trypanosome-associated changes in the tsetse fly salivary gland

2016

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BackgroundFor their transmission, African trypanosomes rely on their blood feeding insect vector, the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.). The ingested Trypanosoma brucei parasites have to overcome a series of barriers in the tsetse fly alimentary tract to finally develop into the infective metacyclic forms in the salivary glands that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the tsetse bite. The parasite population in the salivary gland is dense with a significant number of trypanosomes tightly attached to the epithelial cells. Our current knowledge on the impact of the infection on the salivary gland functioning is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the global gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans morsitans in response to an infection with the T. brucei parasite. A detailed whole transcriptome comparison of midgut-infected tsetse with and without a mature salivary gland infection was performed to study the impact of a trypanosome infection on different aspects of the salivary gland functioning and the mechanisms that are induced in this tissue to tolerate the infection i.e. to control the negative impact of the parasite presence. Moreover, a transcriptome comparison with age-matched uninfected flies was done to see whether gene expression in the salivary glands is already affected by a trypanosome infection in the tsetse midgut.ResultsBy a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach we compared the whole transcriptomes of flies with a T. brucei salivary gland/midgut infection versus flies with only a midgut infection or versus non-infected flies, all with the same age and feeding history. More than 7500 salivary gland transcripts were detected from which a core group of 1214 differentially expressed genes (768 up- and 446 down-regulated) were shared between the two transcriptional comparisons. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and detailed gene expression comparisons showed a diverse impact at the gene transcript level. Increased expression was observed for transcripts encoding for proteins involved in immunity (like several genes of the Imd-signaling pathway, serine proteases, serpins and thioester-containing proteins), detoxification of reactive species, cell death, cytoskeleton organization, cell junction and repair. Decreased expression was observed for transcripts encoding the major secreted proteins such as 5′-nucleotidases, adenosine deaminases and the nucleic acid binding proteins Tsals. Moreover, expression of some gene categories in the salivary glands were found to be already affected by a trypanosome midgut infection, before the parasite reaches the salivary glands.ConclusionsThis study reveals that the T. brucei population in the tsetse salivary gland has a negative impact on its functioning and on the integrity of the gland epithelium. Our RNA-seq data suggest induction of a strong local tissue response in order to control the epithelial cell damage, the ROS intoxication of the cellular environment and the parasite infection, resulting in the fly tolera...

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“…8a). In insects, βGRP proteins can detect fungi and activate the Toll pathway [49] and serpins have been shown to be key regulators of innate immune reactions like melanotic encapsulation and Toll pathway activation [50–52]. The increasing immunity activity in the molting midguts may help to remove the midgut microflora.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of gene expression in the midgut of Bombyx mori during the larval molting stage

et al. 2016

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BackgroundInsects can be models for understanding human intestinal infection and pathology. Molting, a special period during which the old insect cuticle is shed and a new one is produced, is crucial for insect development. Holometabolous insects may experience several larva-to-larva moltings to become larger, a pupal molt and adult eclosion to become adults. During the larval molts, they stop feeding and become quiescent. Although the molting larvae become quiescent, it is not known if changes in microbiome, physiology, development and immunity of midguts occur.ResultsTranscriptome analysis indicated that functions such as metabolism, digestion, and transport may become reduced due to the downregulated expression of many associated genes. During the molting stage, midguts harbor less microflora and DNA synthesis decreases. Both ecdysone and juvenile hormone in the larval midgut likely degrade after entering the larva-to-larva molting stage. However, at 12 h after ecdysis, the feeding larvae of 5th instars that were injected with 20-hydroxyecdysone entered a molting-like stage, during which changes in midgut morphology, DNA synthesis, gene expression, and microflora exhibited the same patterns as observed in the actual molting state.ConclusionThis study is important for understanding insect midgut physiology, development and immunity during a special development stage when no food is ingested. Although the molting larva becomes immobile and quiescent, we demonstrate that numerous changes occur in midgut morphology, physiology, metabolism and microbiome during this period.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3162-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The roles of serpins in mosquito immunology and physiology

Cited by 82 publications

References 141 publications

Characterization and functional analysis of the serpin-10 gene from oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Characterization and functional analysis of the serpin-10 gene from oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Tsetse fly tolerance to T. brucei infection: transcriptome analysis of trypanosome-associated changes in the tsetse fly salivary gland

Analysis of gene expression in the midgut of Bombyx mori during the larval molting stage

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