The Roles of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in the Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastrointestinal Inflammation: A Review

Abstract

Although millions of people have been infected by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), only a small proportion of infected individuals will develop adverse outcomes, ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer. Advanced development of the disease has been well-linked with chronic inflammation, which is significantly impacted by the adaptive and humoral immunity response. From the perspective of cellular immunity, this review aims to clarify the intricate axis between IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 in H. pylori-related diseases and the pathogenesis of inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases. CD4+ helper T (Th)-17 cells, with the hallmark pleiotropic cytokine IL-17, can affect antimicrobial activity and the pathogenic immune response in the gut environment. These circumstances cannot be separated, as the existence of affiliated cytokines, including IL-21 and IL-23, help maintain Th17 and accommodate humoral immune cells. Comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interaction between molecular host responses in H. pylori-related diseases and the inflammation process may facilitate further development of immune-based therapy.

Th17/Regulatory T-Cell Imbalance and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Sepsis

“…A multicenter study with a large sample size can be carried out in the future. In addition, Th17 cells have been demonstrated to significantly contribute to the inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract [ 36 ]. Patients in the SAKI group had a higher incidence of gastrointestinal infections.…”

Performance of DNA Methylation on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer; targeted therapy approach

“…S1/M1 strains express high levels of toxin while S2/M2 strains do not produce any active toxin [ 22 ]. Studies suggest that the presence of a gene walk in the H. pylori genome increases the risk of GC by approximately 4% which is significantly higher than any other bacterium [ 23 ]. The outer membrane proteins of H. pylori are involved in its pathogenicity and are important for the density of H. pylori , gastric asymmetry, high levels of IL-8, and neutrophil secretion at the host site of inflammation.…”

Relationship between active Helicobacter pylori infection and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, a cross-sectional hospital-based study in a Sub-Saharan setting

“…H. pylori -specific gastric mucosal T cell responses are Th1 and Th17, with Th1 in the greatest amount [ 17 , 18 ]. Th17 has demonstrated a significant contribution to the progression of autoimmune disease and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract [ 19 ]. IL-17 is the main cytokine from Th17 cell and has many associated cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 [ 19 ].…”

“…Th17 has demonstrated a significant contribution to the progression of autoimmune disease and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract [ 19 ]. IL-17 is the main cytokine from Th17 cell and has many associated cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 [ 19 ]. IL-17 together with IL-21 and IL-23 plays a role in inflammation site formation, either directly or indirectly.…”