“…Even so, the broader benefits of developing capabilities via social capital across network relationships has been recognised for some time ( Aarikka-Stenroos and Ritala, 2017 ; Adomako, Danso, Boso, and Narteh, 2018 ; Crick and Crick, 2021b ; Kingshott, 2006 ). Well managed relationships via social capital can reduce ‘relational turbulence’ ( Behl, Jayawardena, Pereira, Tarba, and Bamel, 2022 ), namely, when disruption in communication between partners in relationships occurs. For example, although the development of social capital is not restricted to coopetition activities or a competitor orientation, Crick and Crick (2021b) consider the notion of ‘psychological contracts’ based on trust in respect of building network relationships.…”