The Role of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients with History of Stroke: A Systematic Review

Britnell, Sara R.; Chillari, Kelly A; Brown, Jamie N.

doi:10.2174/1570161115666170919183657

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The possible mechanism of action is that it inhibits the transformation of hypoxanthine into xanthine by means of oxidation (17) and reduces the formation of uric acid as much as possible. Compared with allopurinol (18), febuxostat averts the inhibitory effects on nucleotidase and deaminase in the processes of purine or pyrimidine metabolism through the selective inhibitory effect (19), enhances the efficacy of medical treatment and reduces the occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions of allopurinol (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of febuxostat on serum cytokines IL‑1, IL‑4, IL‑6, IL‑8, TNF‑α and COX‑2

et al. 2018

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Effects of febuxostat on serum cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in patients with gout were investigated. A total of 80 patients with gout admitted and treated in the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University from January 2015 to September 2017 were selected and divided into two groups by virtue of a random number table, with 40 patients in each group. All the enrolled patients received strict gout diet adjustment and took colchicine at the same time. Patients in the control group were additionally treated with allopurinol, while those in the the observation group were administered with febuxostat. The serum uric acid levels were compared between the two groups. The number of gout attacks and adverse reactions were recorded, and the variations in COX-2 positive value integral were clarified. At different time-points of observation, the serum uric acid levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, at 3 months after treatment, the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum in the observation group were decreased compared with those in the control group (p<0.05). The IL-1 and TNF-α levels were lower in the observation group at 1 week, 1 and 3 months after treatment compared with those in the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, it was discovered that at 3 months after treatment, the COX-2 positive value integral in the observation group was superior to that in the control group (p<0.05). During follow-up, the number of gout attacks that needed medical intervention in the observation group was smaller than that in the control group (p<0.05). Compared with allopurinol therapy, febuxostat therapy can remarkably inhibit inflammatory responses in the body, relieve clinical symptoms and reduce relapse of the patients with gout.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of febuxostat on serum cytokines IL‑1, IL‑4, IL‑6, IL‑8, TNF‑α and COX‑2

et al. 2018

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“…Although UA has strong antioxidant properties, in high concentrations, it also has a robust pro-oxidant effect. UA can generate free radicals by reaction with peroxynitrite or alkylate cellular biomolecules disrupting their structure and function (40). Thus, increased synthesis/release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors promotes neuronal apoptosis and necrosis under XO overexpression (83).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is a lack of non-invasive biomarkers to differentiate between different types of strokes. Given the critical role of xanthine oxidase (XO) in ischemic stroke pathomechanism (22,24,29,(39)(40)(41), we decided to compare the XO activity in saliva of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an inflammatory process with characteristic cellular changes leading to microvascular disruption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Xanthine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker in Stroke Diagnostics

et al. 2022

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Stroke is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases. Despite significant progress in understanding stroke pathogenesis, cases are still increasing. Thus, laboratory biomarkers of stroke are sought to allow rapid and non-invasive diagnostics. Ischemia-reperfusion injury is an inflammatory process with characteristic cellular changes leading to microvascular disruption. Several studies have shown that hyperactivation of xanthine oxidase (XO) is a major pathogenic factor contributing to brain dysfunction. Given the critical role of XO in stroke complications, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of the enzyme and its metabolic products in the saliva of stroke subjects. Thirty patients in the subacute phase of stroke were included in the study: 15 with hemorrhagic stroke and 15 with ischemic stroke. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects similar to the cerebral stroke patients regarding age, gender, and status of the periodontium, dentition, and oral hygiene. The number of individuals was determined a priori based on our previous experiment (power of the test = 0.8; α = 0.05). The study material was mixed non‐stimulated whole saliva (NWS) and stimulated saliva (SWS). We showed that activity, specific activity, and XO output were significantly higher in NWS of ischemic stroke patients than in hemorrhagic stroke and healthy controls. Hydrogen peroxide and uric acid levels were also considerably higher in NWS of ischemic stroke patients. Using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, we demonstrated that XO-specific activity in NWS distinguishes ischemic stroke from hemorrhagic stroke (AUC: 0.764) and controls (AUC: 0.973) with very high sensitivity and specificity. Saliva collection is stress-free, requires no specialized medical personnel, and allows continuous monitoring of the patient’s condition through non-invasive sampling multiple times per day. Salivary XO also differentiates with high accuracy (100%) and specificity (93.75%) between stroke patients with mild to moderate cognitive decline (AUC = 0.988). Thus, salivary XO assessment may be a potential screening tool for a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. To summarize, our study demonstrates the potential utility of salivary XO in the differential diagnosis of stroke.

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“…The cascade of pathological biochemical reactions in the centre of hypoxia during the development of the clinical picture of ischemic stroke (IS) such as oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, local inflammatory response and others, primarily leads to damage of external cytoplasmic membranes and receptors [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern possibilities of diagnosis of cell’s membrane-receptor complex dysfunction in the acute period of ischemic stroke

Lychko¹

2020

ScienceRise: Medical Science

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Material and methods of researchMeasurements of complex dielectric constant (CDC, Δε') were performed by EHF dielectrometry at a fixed frequency of 39.5×10 9 Hz (or 39.5 GHz, which corresponds to the EHF wavelength in free space λ=7.6 mm), which is in the region of γ-dispersion.The technical feature of the waveguide method is that first the complex reflection coefficient is measured from the waveguide measuring structure -cuvettes with

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The Role of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients with History of Stroke: A Systematic Review

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of febuxostat on serum cytokines IL‑1, IL‑4, IL‑6, IL‑8, TNF‑α and COX‑2

Effects of febuxostat on serum cytokines IL‑1, IL‑4, IL‑6, IL‑8, TNF‑α and COX‑2

Salivary Xanthine Oxidase as a Potential Biomarker in Stroke Diagnostics

Modern possibilities of diagnosis of cell’s membrane-receptor complex dysfunction in the acute period of ischemic stroke

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