The role of visual experience in knowledge of spatial layout

Rieser, John J.; Lockman, Jeffrey J.; Pick, Herbert L.

doi:10.3758/bf03204374

Cited by 115 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, Casey (1978) found that the congenitally blind were less accurate in creating tactual maps of their school campus than those blinded later in life. Finally, Rieser, Lockman, and Pick (1980) found that the congenitally blind estimated Euclidean distances between locations within a familiar building with significantly less accuracy than the adventitiously blind and sighted even though the three groups performed approximately the same in estimating the functional (walking) distances between these locations. A number of other studies have shown poorer performance by the blind, both on navigation tasks and on spatial abilities tasks using stimuli within the range of a tabletop (Brambring, 1976;Byrne & Salter, 1983;Dodds & Carter, 1983;Heller & Kennedy, 1990;Herman, Chatman, & Roth, 1983;Hollins & Kelley, 1988;Kerr, 1983;Lederman, Klatzky, & Barber, 1985;Millar, 1976Millar, , 1981Rieser, 1990;Veraart & WanetDefalque, 1987).…”

Section: Role Of Visual Experience In Navigation Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

Loomis¹,

Klatzky²,

Golledge³

et al. 1993

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

562

515

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Blindfolded sighted, adventitiously blind, and congenitally blind subjects performed a set of navigation tasks. The more complex tasks involved spatial inference and included retracing a multisegment route in reverse, returning directly to an origin after being led over linear segments, and pointing to targets after locomotion. As a group, subjects responded systematically to route manipulations in the complex tasks, but performance was poor. Patterns of error and response latency are informative about the internal repredentation used; in particular, they do not support the hypothesis that only a representation of the origin of locomotion is maintained. The slight performance differences between groups varying in visual experience were neither large nor consistent across tasks. Results provide little indication that spatial competence strongly depends on prior visual experience.Effective navigation by humans involves a number of skills, including updating one's position and orientation during travel, forming and making use of representations of the environment through which travel takes place, and planning routes subject to various constraints (shortest distance, minimal travel time, maximum safety, etc.); see Rieser, Guth, and Hill (1982);Strelow (1985). Methods of updating position and orientation can be classified according to the type of information used: position, velocity, or acceleration. Position-based navigation (called pilotage or piloting) relies on external signals indicating the observer's position and orientation (Baker, 1981;Etienne, 1992); such signals would include visible or audible landmarks known to the traveler or those from electronic navigation aids. Velocity-

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Section: Role Of Visual Experience In Navigation Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

Loomis¹,

Klatzky²,

Golledge³

et al. 1993

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

562

515

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Early visual experience seems to give some advantage: Indeed, in various spatial orientation tasks (Byrne & Salter, 1983;Herman, Chatman, & Roth, 1983;Rieser, Lockman, & Pick, 1980), early-blind subjects (i.e., subjects who lost their vision early in life) perform generally less well than late-blind or blindfolded sighted subjects. Moreover, the ability to use spatial concepts seems to be impaired in early-blind subjects (Fletcher, 1981;Hartlage, 1976;Hatwell, 1966;Stephens & Grube, 1982).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Representation of locomotor space by the blind

Veraart¹,

Wanet-Defalque²

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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Representation of locomotor space by early-and late-blind subjects and by blindfolded sighted subjects was studied within a perimeter where the direction and distance of landmarks had to be located. Subjects were guided along routes to be explored, both with and without the use of an ultr~sonic~holc;'Catingprosthesis that enabled object localization. Without the prosthesis, early-bhnd subjects performance was worse than that of visually experienced subjects both in direction and in distance assessments. With the help of the prosthesis, early-and Iate-hlind subjects' performance improved, especially in distance assessments; late-blinds' performance remained better than that of early-blinds. These results suggest that early-blinds' spatial representation would be the most impaired on routes requiring the mastering of euclidean concepts.

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“…Representation of spatial layout thus imposes heavy demands on memory and temporal-integration processes. It is not surprising, then, to discover that comparisons of two-dimensional spatial perception indicate movement to be much poorer than vision, both for encoding small-scale, manipulatory displays (e.g., Cashdan, 1968;Cleaves & Royal, 1979;Dodds, Howarth, & Carter, 1982;Worchel, 1951) and for cognitive mapping of large-scale, ambulatory space (Book & Garling, 1981;Casey, 1978;Rieser, Lockman, & Pick, 1980; see also Strelow, 1985, for a general review).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring environments by hand or foot: Time-based heuristics for encoding distance in movement space.

Lederman¹,

Klatzky²,

Collins³

et al. 1987

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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In Experiment I, blindfolded observers judged (a) the distance of pathways felt by hand and (b) the straight-line distance between pathway endpoints inferred from such exploration. In Experiment 2, blindfolded observers made corresponding estimates after traversing similar pathways on foot. Pathways were explored under three different speeds. Under both manipulatory and ambulatory exploration, there was substantial length distortion of inferred distance: The straight-line distance was increasingly overestimated with increases in the length of the explored pathway. With manipulatory exploration, slower movements increased length distortion, but duration effects proved secondary to effects of spatial extent. For ambulatory exploration, no duration effects were obtained. Observers used time-independent heuristics, that is, a footstep metric for estimating the pathway actually travelled and a spatial imaging strategy for estimating the inferred line between pathway endpoints. The studies establish length distortion as a general phenomenon in movement space and identify its major causes as spatial rather than temporal.

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The role of visual experience in knowledge of spatial layout

Cited by 115 publications

References 6 publications

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

Nonvisual navigation by blind and sighted: Assessment of path integration ability.

Representation of locomotor space by the blind

Exploring environments by hand or foot: Time-based heuristics for encoding distance in movement space.

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