The role of vasculature in bone development, regeneration and proper systemic functioning

Abstract

Bone is a richly vascularized connective tissue. As the main source of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors delivered to the bone cells, vasculature is indispensable for appropriate bone development, regeneration and remodeling. Bone vasculature also orchestrates the process of hematopoiesis. Blood supply to the skeletal system is provided by the networks of arteries and arterioles, having distinct molecular characteristics and localizations within the bone structures. Blood vessels of the bone develop through the process of angiogenesis, taking place through different, bone-specific mechanisms. Impaired functioning of the bone blood vessels may be associated with the occurrence of some skeletal and systemic diseases, i.e., osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis or diabetes mellitus. When a disease or trauma-related large bone defects appear, bone grafting or bone tissue engineering-based strategies are required. However, a successful bone regeneration in both approaches largely depends on a proper blood supply. In this paper, we review the most recent data on the functions, molecular characteristics and significance of the bone blood vessels, with a particular emphasis on the role of angiogenesis and blood vessel functioning in bone development and regeneration, as well as the consequences of its impairment in the course of different skeletal and systemic diseases.

WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of clinical, pathological and genetic indicators in chickens with thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia

“…Therefore, the significant decrease in the Wnt4 level served as a genetic indicator of tibia deformation and resorption. It is known that the growth and development of the bone cannot be separated from the nutritional support of the blood [14]. In summary, the results of our systemic study comparing clinical, pathological and genetic indicators in self-healing tibial dyschondroplasia chickens and normal…”

“…In TD, a large amount of the cartilage cell damage is due to the apoptosis process and abnormal protein secretion in cartilage cells, causing a decrease in the cartilage extracellular matrix degradation rate, which limits the space for bone deposition [12,13]. Currently, research focuses on increasing the growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers; consequently, poultry bone disease incidence is also increasing in the broiler industry [5,14,15]. It is reported that the chicken muscle tissue and bone growth and development destroy the original balance and are also a reason for the leg deformities in chicken [16].…”

Decorin-containing collagen hydrogels as dimensionally stable scaffolds to study the effects of compressive mechanical loading on angiogenesis

“…fluid shear and cyclic stretch) rather than abluminal stimulation of the vessel network itself [1]. Abluminal forces are particularly relevant to load-bearing tissues such as bone, and it is well established that angiogenesis and osteogenesis are intimately linked in both development and healing [2, 3]. Additionally, previous work in vivo showed that functional loading has a potent time-dependent influence on vascular growth during segmental bone defect healing; early loading impaired vessel growth, whereas delayed loading enhanced vascular growth [4].…”

Natural Rubber Latex Biomaterials in Bone Regenerative Medicine

“…During bone endochondral and intramembranous ossification, regeneration and remodeling, the vasculature plays an important role [45]. Ten to fifteen percent of total cardiac output goes to skeletal system [46].…”