The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases—A Review

Adamczak, Daria M.

doi:10.3390/ijms18112252

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 218 publications

(227 reference statements)

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“…TLRs are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play vital roles in innate immunity mechanisms [21]. Located on the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm, PRRs can recognize conserved microbial structures called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) released from Gram-negative bacteria or viral RNA, as well as host biomolecules associated with cell injury or necrosis called danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) [22]. TLRs orchestrate both pathogen-specific and cell type-specific host immune responses to fight infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways

Xia

2020

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

102

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Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways

Xia

2020

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

102

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“…Vitamin D was found to downregulate mRNA overexpression of TLR2 and 4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines; TNF-α in cultured human keratinocytes lead to the activation of these cells for further innate immune responses to pathogens (Schauber et al 2007). It was revealed that vitamin D deficiency and TLR activation were the contributing factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (Adamczak 2007).…”

Section: Regulatory Role Of Vitamin D On Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrients and many important factors that affect the physiological functions of toll-like receptors

2019

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Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I integral transmembrane receptors involved in recognition and conveying of pathogens to the immune system. These receptors are located either on cell surfaces or within endosomes. They are activated by specific ligand leading to the release of cytokines via signal transduction pathway. The excess production of these cytokines leads to disrupt the immune homeostasis. There are several factors regulating TLR expression and consequently affecting their functions. Among these are inflammation, cytokines, some cellular process, air pollution, depression, stress, some drugs, genetic polymorphism, nutrition, and micronutrients. Some micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) may be considered as important TLR regulators, as they have immunomodulatory functions. Vitamins D, B12, and A; zinc; copper; and iron have important role on innate immune responses. Aim of work: This review gives a brief idea on TLR family and attempts to cover the factors affecting the physiological functions of them. Conclusion: Of many factors affecting TLRs functions are micronutrients. There is a shortage of researches concerning the effect of micronutrients deficiency on the function of TLRs, all of which focused on vitamin D but other vitamins have not got the same importance that they deserve. This orients our efforts to work at this point in the future.

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“…TLRs are able to recognize different PAMPs presented on various microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, and fungi [ 156 – 164 ]. In addition to immune cells, TLRs are expressed in various tissues, in particular in the myocardial tissue; the latter may account for the links between the immune system and cardiac injury [ 165 – 167 ].…”

Section: Innate Immunity In Viral Myocarditismentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Host Immunity in Viral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Zhao

2018

Journal of Immunology Research

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The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis includes both the direct damage mediated by viral infection and the indirect lesion resulted from host immune responses. Myocarditis can progress into dilated cardiomyopathy that is also associated with immunopathogenesis. T cell-mediated autoimmunity, antibody-mediated autoimmunity (autoantibodies), and innate immunity, working together, contribute to the development of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy.

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The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases—A Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 218 publications

Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways

Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways

Micronutrients and many important factors that affect the physiological functions of toll-like receptors

Roles of Host Immunity in Viral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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