The role of the papilla in idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Krautschick, A.; Esen, Tarık

doi:10.1007/bf01367658

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Decades of further studies have resulted from Randall's original observations. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The theory of Randall does not specifically explain why or where these plaques form. However, vascular considerations and evidence support an alternative hypothesis to primary uriniferous stone formation.…”

Section: Physiological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Primary Stone Event: A New Hypothesis Involving a Vascular Etiology

et al. 2004

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Numerous inconsistencies exist between current theories of the initial event in nephrolithiasis formation and empirical observational data on stone disease. Our review of the literature and our study of the cholesterol content of renal stones support a new theory regarding the initial stone forming event. We base this novel hypothesis on multiple epidemiological, physiological, anatomical and clinical observations. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis and its clinical usefulness.

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Section: Physiological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Primary Stone Event: A New Hypothesis Involving a Vascular Etiology

et al. 2004

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“…Most kidney stones consist of calcium oxalate, and hyperoxaluria is common in patients with kidney stones. When urinary oxalate reaches a certain concentration, it can injure renal tubular epithelial cells [1, 2]. This damage often accompanies lipid peroxidation [3], which can lead to oxidative damage of epithelial cells, further promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and lead to impaired renal tubular function [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Damage from Oxidative Stress and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Oxalate and Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

Zhang

Tang

et al. 2019

Stem Cells International

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Objective. To investigate whether exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) can protect against the toxic effects of oxalate and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals in human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. Methods. Exosomes were isolated from hUC-MSCs, purified by ultracentrifugation, and verified by examination of cell morphology using transmission electron microscopy and the presence of specific biomarkers. HK-2 cells received 1 of 4 treatments: control (cells alone), hUC-MSC exosomes, oxalate+COM, or oxalate+COM and hUC-MSC exosomes. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Oxidative stress was determined by measuring LDH activity and the levels of H2O2, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expressions of N-cadherin, TGF-β, and ZO-1 were determined by immunofluorescence. Expressions of epithelial markers, mesenchymal markers, and related signaling pathway proteins were determined by western blotting. Results. After 48 h, cells in the oxalate+COM group lost their adhesion, appeared long, spindle-shaped, and scattered, and the number of cells had significantly decreased. The oxalate+COM treatment also upregulated TGF-β and mesenchymal markers, downregulated epithelial markers, increased the levels of LDH, H2O2, MDA, and ROS, decreased cell viability, and increased cell migration. The isolated exosomes had double-layer membranes, had hollow, circular, or elliptical shapes, had diameters mostly between 30 and 100 nm, and expressed CD9, CD63, and Alix. Treatment of HK-2 cells with hUC-MSC exosomes reversed or partly reversed all the effects of oxalate+COM. Conclusions. Exosomes from hUC-MSCs alleviate the oxidative injury and the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of HK-2 cells that is induced by oxalate+COM.

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Hyperoxaluria-induced tubular ischemia: the effects of verapamil and vitamin E on apoptotic changes with an emphasis on renal papilla in rat model

et al. 2011

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An experimental study in rats was performed to evaluate the presence and the degree of both tubular apoptotic changes and crystallization at cortical, medullar and papillary regions of the kidney during hyperoxaluric phase and assess the possible protective effects of vitamin E and verapamil on these pathologic changes (particularly in papillary part of the affected kidneys). A total of 32 rats have been included into the study program. Hyperoxaluria was induced by continuous administration of ethylene glycol (0.75%). In addition to hyperoxaluria induction, animals in Groups 2 and 3 did receive a calcium channel-blocking agent (verapamil) and vitamin E, respectively. Histologic alterations of the kidneys including crystal formation together with apoptotic changes were evaluated on days 1, 14 and 28, respectively. Both apoptotic changes and the presence and degree of crystallization were assessed separately in renal cortical region, medulla and particularly papillary parts of the removed kidneys. Although verapamil did well limit the degree of crystal formation and apoptosis and brought it to the same levels observed in control group animals in all parts of the kidneys during intermediate phase, addition of vitamin E was failed to show the same protective effect during both intermediate and late phase evaluations. As demonstrated in our study, the limitation of both crystal deposition and apoptotic changes might be instituted by calcium channel-blocking agents. Clinical application of such agents in the prophylaxis of stone disease might limit the formation of urinary calculi, especially in recurrent stone formers.

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The role of the papilla in idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis

Cited by 3 publications

References 42 publications

The Primary Stone Event: A New Hypothesis Involving a Vascular Etiology

The Primary Stone Event: A New Hypothesis Involving a Vascular Etiology

Exosomes from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduce Damage from Oxidative Stress and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Epithelial Cells Exposed to Oxalate and Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

Hyperoxaluria-induced tubular ischemia: the effects of verapamil and vitamin E on apoptotic changes with an emphasis on renal papilla in rat model

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