The Role of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Test-Induced Anxiety: Assessments, Physiological Responses, and Molecular Details

Hinds, Jenalee A.; Sánchez, Edwin R.

doi:10.3390/stresses2010011

Cited by 69 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…ACTH and the glucocorticoid cortisol play a significant role in an individual’s mental health, notably by controlling anxiety and depression. These two hormones are associated with the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a stress pathway in the brain [ 11 ]. Various types of psychological stressors can activate the HPA axis and induce the stress response.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review

Tucker¹,

O’Malley²

2022

Cureus

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Pregnancy is typically viewed as a time of emotional well-being for prospective mothers, but for some, this period can negatively impact mental health. However, the relationship between postpartum mental health and breastfeeding is not clearly understood. Considering that many health authorities recommend breastfeeding, clearly defining this relationship is important. This review aims to illustrate the effects that breastfeeding has on the mental health of postpartum mothers. An extensive computerized search was performed through databases of PubMed, CINAHL, and Medline. All studies conducted to determine the effects of breastfeeding on mental health were screened and included in this review. Search terms related to breastfeeding, postpartum, and mental health were used. This review on breastfeeding and postpartum depression (PPD) begins by discussing the correlation between lactation and the maternal stress response. Another component discussed is the duration of breastfeeding and its importance in limiting PPD symptoms. The review then shifts to focus more on the psychological aspects of breastfeeding, notably on changes to the sleep-wake cycle and mother-infant interactions. The final part of the review emphasizes the danger that early breastfeeding cessation imposes on a mother's mental health, portraying how prenatal and early-onset postpartum depression may lead to early breastfeeding cessation. This composite collection of studies clarifies the importance of breastfeeding in reducing the incidence and severity of maternal postpartum depression.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review

Tucker¹,

O’Malley²

2022

Cureus

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“…Upon acute stress, a cascade of events, including the release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), activates the pituitary-adrenal system leading to the production of cortisol in the circulating blood, as well as in body fluids such as saliva [ 10 , 11 ]. Increasing cortisol level will in turn induce a negative feedback on the hypothalamus leading to the inhibition of CRF synthesis and eventually dampening of the HPA axis response to stress [ 12 , 13 ]. In contrast, chronic stress can cause disruption of the HPA axis negative feedback regulation leading to higher cortisol levels in the body [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in dyads mother-child exposed to intimate partner violence in Cameroon: Association with anxiety symptoms

et al. 2023

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Background The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is encoded by the NR3C1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1) gene plays an important role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity by providing feedback regulation which allows termination of the stress response. Little is known about epigenetic programming at the level of NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-inducible protein A) putative binding site (CpG) of the NR3C1 exon 1F in dyads mother-child exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) more specifically in an unstudied region such as the sub-Saharan Africa where levels of violence are very high. Objective Examine NR3C1 exon 1F methylation in response to IPV and possible association with cortisol concentration and mental health. Method We recruited 20 mother–child dyads exposed to IPV and a control group of 20 mother–child dyads not exposed to IPV. We administered self-reported questionnaires to measure mother’s mental health and collected saliva samples for cortisol dosage and bisulfite sequencing of DNA methylation. Results Regarding the mothers, our results showed a significant difference in methylation level at CpG 16–21 sites of the NR3C1 exon 1F promoter region between the groups. In the exposed group as compared to the control group, there was a significant positive association between the level of methylation at CpG 16–21 sites and mother’s mental health in particular anxiety symptoms. However, we did not find any significant correlation between methylation level and cortisol concentration. In children, we did not find any significant results. Conclusion This study highlights a NGFI-A putative binding site (CpG 16–21) that is more methylated in mothers exposed to IPV and which may have the potential to confer vulnerability for psychopathologies.

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“…The body's functions that involve cortisol are significant in many ways. When a person is running, or engaged in "fight or flight," cortisol has a widespread influence throughout the body and is produced in huge levels to aid in response and stress management [9]. Numerous clinical research have shown this connection between cortisol levels and cancer severity, as well as an increase in breast cancer mortality and recurrence [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Insulin and Cortisol Levels in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer

JarAllah

Al-Fartusie

Zageer

2023

Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

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Hormones are thought to primarily influence cancer risk by regulating the pace of cell division, cell differentiation, and the amount of cancer-vulnerable cells. Higher insulin levels and cortisol have been linked to some cancers, including breast cancer. Here, we evaluated the relationship between insulin and cortisol signaling and cancer, as well as the effect of these two hormones on organs, subcellular elements, and the process of carcinogenesis. We also consider the time points to prevent and cure breast cancer in insulin signaling. The ultimate objective is to enhance general health. Insulin and cortisol levels were tested and the results showed much higher insulin levels in breast cancer patients compared with control (p<0.001), whereas cortisol levels tested were lower in breast cancer patients compared with control with no statistically significant changes (p>0.05).

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The Role of the Hypothalamus–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Test-Induced Anxiety: Assessments, Physiological Responses, and Molecular Details

Cited by 69 publications

References 40 publications

Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review

Mental Health Benefits of Breastfeeding: A Literature Review

Methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in dyads mother-child exposed to intimate partner violence in Cameroon: Association with anxiety symptoms

Assessment of Insulin and Cortisol Levels in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer

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