The role of the gut/brain axis in modulating food intake

Sam, Amir H.; Troke, R.; Tan, Tricia; Bewick, Gavin

doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.008

Cited by 134 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 172 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Clarification of the interactions between these drivers is just beginning to emerge. From 2000 to the present, much has been learned about the peripheral hormonal signals and central targets that influence energy intake (20)(21)(22). Dietary protein is an effective stimulus for the release or inhibition of many of these peptides (23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Nonspecific Appetitementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance

Leidy

Clifton²,

Astrup

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

323

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the past 20 y, higher-protein diets have been touted as a successful strategy to prevent or treat obesity through improvements in body weight management. These improvements are thought to be due, in part, to modulations in energy metabolism, appetite, and energy intake. Recent evidence also supports higher-protein diets for improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors. This article provides an overview of the literature that explores the mechanisms of action after acute protein consumption and the clinical health outcomes after consumption of long-term, higher-protein diets. Several meta-analyses of shorter-term, tightly controlled feeding studies showed greater weight loss, fat mass loss, and preservation of lean mass after higherprotein energy-restriction diets than after lower-protein energyrestriction diets. Reductions in triglycerides, blood pressure, and waist circumference were also reported. In addition, a review of the acute feeding trials confirms a modest satiety effect, including greater perceived fullness and elevated satiety hormones after higherprotein meals but does not support an effect on energy intake at the next eating occasion. Although shorter-term, tightly controlled feeding studies consistently identified benefits with increased protein consumption, longer-term studies produced limited and conflicting findings; nevertheless, a recent meta-analysis showed persistent benefits of a higher-protein weight-loss diet on body weight and fat mass. Dietary compliance appears to be the primary contributor to the discrepant findings because improvements in weight management were detected in those who adhered to the prescribed higher-protein regimen, whereas those who did not adhere to the diet had no marked improvements. Collectively, these data suggest that higher-protein diets that contain between 1.2 and 1.6 g protein $ kg 21 $ d 21 and potentially include meal-specific protein quantities of at least w25-30 g protein/meal provide improvements in appetite, body weight management, cardiometabolic risk factors, or all of these health outcomes; however, further strategies to increase dietary compliance with long-term dietary interventions are warranted. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101(Suppl):1320S-9S.

show abstract

Section: Nonspecific Appetitementioning

confidence: 99%

The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance

Leidy

Clifton²,

Astrup

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

323

233

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These anorexic hormones include cholecystokinin (CCK), glucogon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin (NT), oxyntomodulin (OXM), enterostatin, apolipoprotein A-IV (APO), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and neuromedin B (NMB) (reviewed in Refs. 3, 13,16,31,48,53,59). L-cells in the alimentary tract that secrete some of these hormones have been shown to have taste receptors and short-chain fatty acid receptors on their luminal surfaces, which detect digested nutrients and mediate the release of the hormones (32).…”

Section: Short-term Regulation Of Food Intake and Energy Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

If Body Fatness is Under Physiological Regulation, Then How Come We Have an Obesity Epidemic?

Speakman

2014

Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Life involves a continuous use of energy, but food intake, which supplies that energy, is episodic. Feeding is switched on and off by a complex array of predominantly gut-derived peptides (and potentially nutrients) that initiate and terminate feeding bouts. Energy is stored as glucose and glycogen to overcome the problem of the episodic nature of intake compared with the continuous demand. Intake is also adjusted to meet immediate changes in demands. Most animals also store energy as fat. In some cases, this serves the purpose of storing energy in anticipation of a known future shortfall (e.g., hibernation, migration, or reproduction). Other animals, however, store fat in the absence of such anticipated needs, and in this case the fat appears to be stored in preparation for unpredictable catastrophic shortfalls in supply. Fat storage, however, brings disadvantages as well as advantages, in particular an increased risk of predation. Hence, many animals seem to have evolved a dual intervention point system preventing them from storing too little or too much fat. The physiological basis of the lower intervention point is well established, but the upper intervention point is much less studied. Human obesity can potentially be understood in an evolutionary context as due to drift in the upper intervention point following release from predation 2 million years ago (the drifty gene hypothesis) combined with a stimulus in modern society to overconsume calories, possibly attempting to satisfy intake of a limiting microor macro-nutrient like protein (the protein leverage hypothesis).

show abstract

“…While these results suggest that OEA inhibits food intake by recruiting vagal sensory afferents (27), a recent report showing that subdiaphrag- An integrated view Gut peptide hormones are differentially distributed along the longitudinal axis of the alimentary canal and serve complementary functions in the control of feeding behavior. For example, ghrelin released from specialized cells in the stomach stimulates food intake during fasting, whereas cholecystokinin and GLP1 secreted from enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine inhibit intake after feeding (126,127). The evidence summarized in this article suggests that two chemically distinct classes of lipid-derived mediatorsglycerol esters and ethanolamides of LCFUs -may act in parallel and presumably in concert with peptide hormones to regulate the ingestion of fat-containing foods ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Lipid-derived Signals Of Satietymentioning

confidence: 95%