The Role of the Cutaneous Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis

Szczepańska, Milena; Blicharz, Leszek; Nowaczyk, Joanna; Makowska, Karolina; Goldust, Mohamad; Waśkiel‐Burnat, Anna; Czuwara, Joanna; Samochocki, Zbigniew; Rudnicka, Lidia

doi:10.3390/jof8111153

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Although children with AD had a more diverse microbiome in non-lesional skin compared to adults, dysbiosis occurred within skin lesions due to an impaired barrier ( 20 ). Dysbiosis was associated with reductions in Streptococcus , Cutibacterium and Malassezia , accompanied by increases in Staphylococcus aureus , suggesting an antagonistic relationship between skin commensals ( 20 , 21 ). Streptococcus may inhibit S. aureus growth by producing hydrogen peroxide ( 27 ), whereas Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium are involved in porphyrin metabolism which may further suppress S. aureus colonization ( 20 , 28 ).…”

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, whereas Cutibacterium, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Finegoldia and Anaerococcus are more abundant in adults. Over 100 fungal species have been identified on healthy skin, with most belonging to the phyla Ascomycota ( 21 ). Increased sebum production and structural changes after puberty may facilitate colonization with lipophilic microbes including Cutibacterium, Corynebacterium and Malassezia , replacing Streptococcus and Candida ( 20 , 22 ).…”

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists

McAleer

2023

Front. Allergy

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal barrier disruption, Th2 immune responses to skin allergens and microbial dysbiosis within affected lesions. Studies within the past decade have revealed genetic and environmental factors contributing to AD in children. Obesity is a metabolic disorder that often manifests early in life and is associated with reduced bacterial diversity, leading to skin colonization with lipophilic bacteria and intestinal colonization with pro-inflammatory species. These changes impair epithelial barriers and promote Th17 responses, which may worsen the severity of AD symptoms. While few studies have examined the contribution of microbiota in obesity-induced allergies, there is emerging evidence that PPAR-γ may be an effective therapeutic target. This review discusses the microbiome in pediatric AD, treatment with probiotics, how disease is altered by obesity and potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-γ agonists. While healthy skin contains diverse species adapted for specific niches, lesional skin is highly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus which perpetuates the inflammatory reaction. Treatments for AD should help to restore microbial diversity in the skin and intestine, as well as epithelial barrier function. Pre-clinical models have shown that PPAR-γ agonists can suppress Th17 responses, IgE production and mast cell function, while improving the epidermal barrier and microbial homeostasis. Overall, PPAR-γ agonists may be effective in a subset of patients with AD, and future studies should distinguish their metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects in order to inform the best therapies.

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Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atopic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists

McAleer

2023

Front. Allergy

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“…Changes in the mycobiome have also been implicated in the pathogenesis and clinical presentations of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis [ 58 ]. The primary fungal imbalances observed in head and neck variants of atopic dermatitis have been in the rates of Malassezia and Candida , and appear to be associated with fungal antigens producing robust immune responses, sensitization, and skin lesions [ 58 ]. Antifungal immune system responses include C-type lectin receptors, IL-1β, and inflammasomes [ 59 ].…”

Section: Mycobiome Dysbiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In atopic dermatitis skin lesions, it has been found that Malassezia levels are decreased, and filamentous fungi are increased, along with a positive correlation between Candida and Staphylococcus [ 60 ]. Understanding and elucidating mycobiome implications of this nature could help in the development of more effective treatments for the ailments [ 58 ].…”

Section: Mycobiome Dysbiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Esposito

Patsakos

Borruso

2023

JoF

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Although the human bacteriome and virome have gained a great deal of attention over the years, the human mycobiome has been far more neglected despite having significant value and implications in human health. In women, mycobiome profiles in breastmilk, vaginal regions, the gut, skin, and the oral cavity can provide insight into women’s health, diseases, and microbiome dysbiosis. Analyses of mycobiome composition under factors, such as health, age, diet, weight, and drug exposure (including antibiotic therapies), help to elucidate the various roles of women’s mycobiome in homeostasis, microbiome interactions (synergistic and antagonistic), and health. This review summarizes the most recent updates to mycobiome knowledge in these critical areas.

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“…The major medical co-morbidities associated with AD are microbial infections, specifically SA [14][15][16][17][18], affecting > 90% of patients. SA colonization is related to skin barrier disruption, a predominant Th2 immune response, elevated IgE levels specific to staphylococcal enterotoxin, and a reduction in skin microbial diversity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus Infection: Relapsing Atopic Dermatitis and Microbial Restoration

Hulme

2023

Antibiotics

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Atopic Dermatitis (AD) skin is susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection, potentially exposing it to a plethora of toxins and virulent determinants, including Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (a-hemolysin (Hla) and phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs)), and superantigens. Depending on the degree of infection (superficial or invasive), clinical treatments may encompass permanganate (aq) and bleach solutions coupled with intravenous/oral antibiotics such as amoxicillin, vancomycin, doxycycline, clindamycin, daptomycin, telavancin, linezolid, or tigecycline. However, when the skin is significantly traumatized (sheathing of epidermal sections), an SA infection can rapidly ensue, impairing the immune system, and inducing local and systemic AD presentations in susceptible areas. Furthermore, when AD presents systemically, desensitization can be long (years) and intertwined with periods of relapse. In such circumstances, the identification of triggers (stress or infection) and severity of the flare need careful monitoring (preferably in real-time) so that tailored treatments targeting the underlying pathological mechanisms (SA toxins, elevated immunoglobulins, impaired healing) can be modified, permitting rapid resolution of symptoms.

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The Role of the Cutaneous Mycobiome in Atopic Dermatitis

Cited by 9 publications

References 144 publications

Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists

Obesity and the microbiome in atopic dermatitis: Therapeutic implications for PPAR-γ agonists

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Staphylococcus Infection: Relapsing Atopic Dermatitis and Microbial Restoration

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