The role of the conidia of fungi in fox spots

Florian, Mary-Lou E.

doi:10.1179/sic.1996.41.2.65

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A recent study on two gelatine-silver prints whose photographic papers present differences in composition, evidenced that the two prints accounted for a different attack by fungal and bacterial species, although nothing is said about the morphological aspects of the stains [16]. In fact, Florian [39][40], and Krstić and Schauperl [41] were convinced that foxing is a phenomenon predominantly related to the paper's specific papermaking process and raw materials.…”

Section: Morphological Characterization Of Selected Foxing Stainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

Figueira

Matos

Nunes³

et al. 2020

Cons. Património

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Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and on the professional paper conservation experience, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct sorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains.

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Section: Morphological Characterization Of Selected Foxing Stainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

Figueira

Matos

Nunes³

et al. 2020

Cons. Património

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“…Microscopic observations reveal evidence of fungal growth in some foxed areas and around them (Florian, 1996;Florian and Manning, 2000;Arai, 2000;Montemartini Corte et al, 2003;Choi, 2007). Other authors have detected the presence of bacteria in the foxing spots (De Paolis and Lippi, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contribution to the characterization of foxing stains on printed books using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry

Rakotonirainy

Bénaud

Vilmont

2015

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

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“…and U. botrytis, were found to have intense cellulolytic activities [20]. Florian [21] and Florian & Manning [22] suggested that autoxidation of lipids from conidia might be another possible explanation for discoloration of papers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of an early 20th century Chinese manuscript with foxing stains

Luo

et al. 2020

BioRes

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Foxing spots are reddish-brown, brown, or yellowish spots in irregular shapes that are commonly discovered on paper materials. Effects of such foxing spots on degradation of Chinese papers have rarely been reported. In this study, a 20th century Chinese manuscript with few foxing stains was examined to explore the cause of stain formation. The paper areas with foxing stains were more acidic than those without the stains, while no obvious differences in cellulose crystallinity and iron and copper contents were observed when comparing paper areas with and without foxing spots via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), respectively. For further exploration, few fungal hyphae and spores in various sizes were observed using SEM, leading to increased mean roughness of the paper surface for the foxed area. This is further supported by the presence of amide II in the foxed area only, as detected via attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Fungal culture was then carried out to demonstrate that fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria tenuissima and Alternaria solani were present. This research provides an improved understanding of the effects of foxing spots on Chinese archives and informs of further conservation efforts.

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The role of the conidia of fungi in fox spots

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century

Contribution to the characterization of foxing stains on printed books using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry

Characterization of an early 20th century Chinese manuscript with foxing stains

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