The Role of States and Cities in Foreign Relations

Abstract

A major purpose of the Constitution was to place control of foreign relations firmly in the hands of the national Government. In 1788 James Madison wrote in The Federalist: “If we are to be one nation in any respect, it clearly ought to be in respect to other nations.” Yet a recent article, 200 years later, reports approvingly that “more than 1000 U.S. state and local governments of all political stripes are participating in foreign affairs, and their numbers are expanding.” Criticizing this development, another recent article comments: “The national interest demands that local interference in foreign and defense policy be curtailed before the federal government finds itself hamstrung by hundreds of would-be secretaries of state touting their own parochial agendas. … Foreign policy must be made in Washington and not in the citizens’ backyards.” My intent here is briefly to describe the current situation, and to indicate some of the legal and policy factors relevant to assessing the propriety of state and local government involvement in foreign affairs.

Legal Due to Local Distribution Towards Land Registration Rights in Ogan Komering Ulu District

“…Another arrangement is that the age limit for an autonomous region can only be re-expanded if it is ten years for the province and seven years for districts/cities. (Bilder, 1989). The Government Regulation is also about the requirements for the formation of the newly created regions.…”

“…In addition to carrying out the above tasks, the Deputy Local Heads carry out other governmental duties and obligations granted by the Local Leaders determined by the Local Leaders decision In addition to carrying out the above tasks, the Deputy Local Heads carry out other governmental duties and obligations granted by the Local Leaders determined by the Local Leaders decision is responsible to the Local Leaders (Bilder, 1989).…”

Juridical Analysis of Disharmonization between Local Leaders and Deputy Local Leaders in Local Government Systems

“…In addition to carrying out the above tasks, the Deputy Local Leaders carry out other governmental duties and obligations granted by the Local Leaders determined by the Local Leaders decision. In carrying out the above tasks, the Deputy Local Leaders is responsible to the Local Leaders (Bilder, 1989).…”

Actually Existing Comparative Urbanism: Imitation and Cosmopolitanism in North-south Interurban Partnerships

“…Section 2 provides a brief history of interurban partnerships involving British cities. As it progresses, the focus is narrowed still further to partnerships between British cities and cities of the 'Global South', (Bilder 1989, Hobbs 1994, Kincaid 1989, Kirby et al 1995, Lofland 1989, Shuman 1986-87, 1992 (Shuman 1994), 'international municipal exchange' (Hewitt 1996), 'decentralised cooperation' (Hafteck 2003), and 'city-to-city cooperation' (Bontenbal and van Lindert 2009 But we can also identify an explicit comparativism on display in studies purposefully set up to compare two cities. This latter comparativism might be termed 'pure' comparative urbanism.…”