The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota

Pedersen, Anne Marie Lynge; Belstrøm, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010

Cited by 284 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…The present salivary NGAL data are therefore intriguing and warrant further study, but it is remarkable that conflicting data also exist for other salivary inflammatory markers in periodontitis, for example, with increased (Lee et al, ) or similar (Moura et al, ) salivary levels of IL‐1β compared to healthy controls. While the main contributor to salivary proteins is the circulation, with proteins shed from local oral surfaces playing a lesser role (Lynge Pedersen & Belstrom, ), disease‐specific mechanisms are likely to be involved, for example, with periodontitis‐dependent increased expression of inflammatory mediators in the inflamed oral tissue potentially being countered by increased local tissue binding or other interactions that contribute to unpredictability of salivary levels of these molecules. It would therefore be recommendable to include blood and GCF samples in future studies on salivary levels of inflammation‐related proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Saliva is the fluid of the oral cavity, which besides being critical to maintenance of oral homeostasis harbors various biological substances such as the salivary microbiota and inflammatory markers (Lynge Pedersen & Belstrom, ). The presence of untreated periodontitis has been shown to alter the composition of the salivary microbiota (Belstrom et al, ) and increase salivary levels of inflammatory proteins such interleukin (IL)‐1β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 (Lee, Chen, Tu, Wu, & Chang, ; Liukkonen, Gürsoy, Pussinen, Suominen, & Könönen, ; Sorsa et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salivary microbiota and inflammation‐related proteins in patients with psoriasis

et al. 2020

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Objective The purpose of the present study was to characterize the composition of the salivary microbiota and quantify salivary levels of inflammation‐related proteins (neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin [NGAL] and transferrin) in patients with psoriasis and compare data to those obtained in patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively. Materials and methods Stimulated saliva samples from patients with psoriasis (n = 27), patients with periodontitis (n = 58), and orally healthy controls (n = 52) were characterized by means of next‐generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Salivary levels of NGAL and transferrin were quantified using immunoassays. Results Linear discriminant effect size analysis showed that 52 (22 psoriasis‐associated and 30 periodontitis‐associated) and 21 (8 psoriasis‐associated and 13 orally healthy control‐associated) bacterial taxa differentiated the salivary microbiota in patients with psoriasis from that of patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively. Significantly lower mean salivary levels of NGAL (psoriasis: 996 [std. error 320], periodontitis: 2,072 [295], orally healthy controls: 2,551 [345] ng/ml, p < .0001) and transferrin (psoriasis: 4.37 [0.92], periodontitis: 7.25 [0.88], orally healthy controls: 10.02 [0.94] ng/ml, p < .0001) were identified in patients with psoriasis. Conclusions Psoriasis associates with characteristics of the salivary microbiota and salivary levels of inflammation‐related proteins, which are different from characteristics in patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary microbiota and inflammation‐related proteins in patients with psoriasis

et al. 2020

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“…Saliva is also pH stable at 6.5-7, which is the favorable pH to oral microbiota (bacteria species and virus such as coronavirus) [9][10][11]. Variations in saliva composition are often associated with microbiota dysbiosis and oral diseases [12]. Moreover, salivary composition influences oropharyngeal colonization characteristics and bacterial profile [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression

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Fisher

et al. 2020

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Considered to be a major portal of entry for infectious agents, the oral cavity is directly associated with the evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 in its inhalation of ambient particles in the air and in expectorations. Some new generations of mouth rinses currently on the market have ingredients that could contribute to lower the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and thus facilitate the fight against oral transmission. If chlorhexidine, a usual component of mouth rinse, is not efficient to kill SARS-CoV-2, the use of a mouth rinses and/or with local nasal applications that contain β-cyclodextrins combined with flavonoids agents, such as Citrox, could provide valuable adjunctive treatment to reduce the viral load of saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiota, including potential SARS-CoV-2 carriage. We urge national agencies and authorities to start clinical trials to evaluate the preventive effects of βCD-Citrox therapeutic oral biofilm rinses in reducing the viral load of the infection and possibly disease progression.

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“…In this context, calcium-based strategies have been discussed as potential boosters for caries protection when combined with fluoride compounds [7,[9][10][11]. Despite the supersaturation of saliva with Ca 2+ with respect to enamel at neutral pH [12], there is an undersaturation in plaque fluid compared to the dental hard tissues under acidic conditions that may be reduced by a controlled release of Ca 2+ [9]. Furthermore, the bioavailability of Ca 2+ and (hydrogen) phosphate ions often represents a limiting factor for remineralization upon topical fluoride application, particularly in patients suffering from hyposalivation [7,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ca2+ release and buffering effects of synthetic hydroxyapatite following bacterial acid challenge

et al. 2020

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Background: Synthetic particulate hydroxyapatite (HAP; Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH)) is used as ingredient in oral care products but its effects on cariogenic biofilms are not clear yet. The primary mode of action of HAP may be acting as a calcium phosphate reservoir when deposited in oral biofilms and release Ca 2+ and (hydrogen) phosphate ions upon bacterial acid challenge. The aim of this in vitro study was to test this hypothesis by investigating release of Ca 2+ ions and potential buffering effects from HAP upon bacterial acid challenge in planktonic cultures and biofilms of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Planktonic cultures of S. mutans were grown in BHI broth with 1% sucrose or with additional 5% HAP or 5% silica for up to 48 h. Separately, biofilms of S. mutans were grown in BHI for 72 h in total. After 24 h of this biofilm culture, either BHI alone or BHI with additional 0.5% HAP or 0.5% silica was added. After 48 h, BHI with 1% sucrose was added to allow bacterial acid formation. Ca 2+ release was determined colorimetrically and pH measurements were performed using a pH electrode. For statistical analysis, non-parametrical procedures were applied (n ≥ 10; Mann-Whitney U test; α = 0.05).Results: Relevant release of Ca 2+ was only evident in planktonic cultures or biofilms with HAP but not in both other groups (p ≤ 0.001). In suspended biofilms with HAP, median pH was 4.77 after 72 h and about 0.5 pH units higher as compared to both other groups (4.28 or 4.32, respectively; p ≤ 0.001).Conclusions: Under the tested conditions, synthetic HAP releases Ca 2+ ions upon bacterial acid challenge and may also show some buffering capacity but further studies are needed to investigate whether the concentrations tested here can also be reached clinically in dental biofilms.

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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota

Cited by 284 publications

References 170 publications

Salivary microbiota and inflammation‐related proteins in patients with psoriasis

Salivary microbiota and inflammation‐related proteins in patients with psoriasis

COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression

Ca2+ release and buffering effects of synthetic hydroxyapatite following bacterial acid challenge

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