The role of nanoparticles on biofuel production and as an additive in ternary blend fuelled diesel engine: A review

Study on Using Graphene and Graphite Nanoparticles as Fuel Additives in Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

“…5. Besides, the higher NCP and C additive percentages, the higher the blend's density, agreeing with Bidir et al [16]. For example, B40NCP1 (0.847 g/m 3 ) density was higher than B40NCP0.5 (0.846 g/m 3 ).…”

“…Because of the lower calorific value of the fuel blends, the integrated heat release rate (IHRR) for the fuel blends was lower than fossil diesel for low and medium engine loads but closer to the diesel fuel at maximum engine load. The fuel combustion rate was lowered because the in-cylinder temperature was lower under low load conditions [16,39]. Furthermore, 1-butanol lowered the autoignition temperature because of its higher latent heat of vaporisation, slowing the combustion rate efficiency [39].…”

“…Compared to W100, BTE values for B40NcP1 and B40C1 were higher by 7% and 11% at medium load and 10% and 8% at full engine load. Nanoparticles' higher surface to volume ratio and higher heat transfer rate (due to higher thermal conductivity), along with higher oxygen content (due to butanol) caused higher BTE when the engine was operated with blends [16,30,32]. The faster heat transfer rate in the fuel improved the combustion quality, prompting higher power output [27,41].…”

“…Furthermore, controlling the combustion emissions alleviates the need for after-treatment equipment that affects the CI engine's overall performance, such as increasing pumping power [15]. Using nanoparticles (NPs) additives in biofuel is an emerging approach to enhance the combustion of biofuels and boost engine performance [15,16]. The advanced thermal characteristics combined with the exceptionally high surface area per unit volume of nanoparticle additives provide a wide dynamic surface for chemical reactions.…”

“…The advanced thermal characteristics combined with the exceptionally high surface area per unit volume of nanoparticle additives provide a wide dynamic surface for chemical reactions. Based on a review study by Bidir et al [16], over a wide range of nanoparticle additives, an enhancement of BSFC by up to 23%, brake power by up to 2.5%, and a significant reduction in CO and PM emission were concluded. Ferrão et al [17] investigated the combustion characteristics of hydro-processed vegetable oil blended with aluminium nanoparticles at different sizes (40 nm and 70 nm) and concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%).…”