The role of multimodal communication in cooperation: The cases of air traffic control

Bressolle, Marie-Christine; Pavard, Bernard; Leroux, Marcel

doi:10.1007/bfb0052327

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Harper et al [1991] and Hughes et al [1992] emphasize how the context of the work is essential for understanding both the controllers' activities and the role of paper flight strips. For example, Bressolle et al [1995] have demonstrated, that, when traffic levels increase, controllers speak to each other less often and write more on the strips. Poirot-Delpech [1995] argues that strips form an essential part of a controller's identity and play a symbolic role as the physical objects representing the otherwise-invisible aircraft in the air.…”

Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(Note that this equates the mouse, keyboard, and monitor interface with using computers.) Paper strips are seen as a historical artifact that can be replaced either with an on-line version [Bressolle et al 1995;Leroux 1993] or removed entirely [Bentley et al 1992;Vortac and Gettys 1990]. Removing paper flight strips would "relieve controllers of time-consuming activities that do not enhance job performance," according to Edwards et al [1995].…”

Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Like the engineers, they describe air traffic control as a series of cognitive tasks, with goals and subgoals [Gras et al 1994]. They build models [Amaldi 1993;Bressolle et al 1995] using theories from Cognitive Psychology about decision making (e.g., Kahneman et al [1982]) and analysis of human error (e.g., Reason [1990]). Their research is often conducted in the context of creating requirements specifications for engineers developing new computer systems.…”

Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control

Mackay

1999

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.

227

130

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Air traffic control is a complex, safety-critical activity, with well-established and successful work practices. Yet many attempts to automate the existing system have failed because controllers remain attached to a key work artifact: the paper flight strip. This article describes a four-month intensive study of a team of Paris en-route controllers in order to understand their use of paper flight strips. The article also describes a comparison study of eight different control rooms in France and the Netherlands. Our observations have convinced us that we do not know enough to simply get rid of paper strips, nor can we easily replace the physical interaction between controllers and paper strips. These observations highlight the benefits of strips, including qualities difficult to quantify and replicate in new computer systems. Current thinking offers two basic alternatives: maintaining the existing strips without computer support and bearing the financial cost of limiting the air traffic, or replacing the strips with automated versions, which offer potential benefits in terms of increased efficiency through automation, but unknown risks through radical change of work practices. We conclude with a suggestion for a third alternative: to maintain the physical strips, but turn them into the interface to the computer. This would allow controllers to build directly upon their existing, safe work practices with paper strips, while offering them a gradual path for incorporating new computer-based functions. Augmented paper flight strips allow us to take advantage of uniquely human skills in the physical world, and allows us to leave the user interface and its subsequent evolution in the hands of the people most responsible, the air traffic controllers themselves.

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Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Initial Perspectives On Controllers and Paper Flight Stripsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control

Mackay

1999

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.

227

130

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“…Existing studies of air traffic controllers' communications (see Bressolle, Pavard, & Leroux, 1998), highlight the extensive use of nonverbal information that compensates for the lack of verbal dialogues in time-constrained situations. Uninterrupted monitoring allows the expert to infer the novice's goals and actions more easily than if the expert could only see a single state of the novice's interface.…”

Section: Condition Goal Interface Text Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative Work and Shared Visual Context: An Empirical Study of Comprehension Problems in Side-by-Side and Remote Help Dialogues

Karsenty¹

1999

Human–Computer Interaction

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If the sharing of context is now widely acknowledged as a condition for successful communication, existing studies do not allow us to determine whether it is necessary to restore the maximum of shared visual information to obtain the best communicative performance. To address this issue, three help dialogue conditions distinguished by the range of shared visual information are compared. The analyses are focused on the comprehension problems raised by each condition. The results highlight that comprehension efficiency in help dialogues is not necessarily linked to the quantity of shared visual information. This study suggests two reasons for this observation: (a) Help requesters in remote help dialogues adapt the content of their requests to the effective amount of shared visual information, and (b) helpers adapt their interpretive strategies to the available shared resources. On the other hand, it is shown that the inabil-ity to visually share some specific task-related information strongly affects communication efficiency. Implications for the design of computer-mediated communication systems are drawn from these results.

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“…This is largely due to the unobtrusive nature of an informal organisation where actors are gathering information as they need it and when their interlocutor seems available. Likewise, seemingly adhoc and informal broadcasting of information may also be selective and modulated by the context of the situation [5]. We are particularly interested in social cooperation and understanding collective behaviour where agents in a complex social system may rapidly share information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling agent based simulation with dynamic networks analysis to study the emergence of mutual knowledge as a percolation phenomenon

et al. 2016

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The emergence of mutual knowledge is a major cognitive mechanism for the robustness of complex socio technical systems. It has been extensively studied from an ethnomethodological point of view and empirically reproduced by multi agent simulations. Whilst such simulations have been used to design real work settings the underlying theoretical grounding for the process is vague. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the emergence of mutual knowledge (MK) in a group of colocated individuals can be explained as a percolation phenomenon. The followed methodology consists in coupling agent-based simulation with dynamic networks analysis to study information propagation phenomena: after using an agent-based simulation we generated and then analysed its traces as networks where agents met and exchanged knowledge. Deep analysis of the resulting networks clearly shows that the emergence of MK is comparable to a percolation process. We specifically focus on how changes at the microscopic level in our agent based simulator affect percolation and robustness. These results therefore provides theoretical basis for the analysis of social organizations.

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The role of multimodal communication in cooperation: The cases of air traffic control

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control

Is paper safer? The role of paper flight strips in air traffic control

Cooperative Work and Shared Visual Context: An Empirical Study of Comprehension Problems in Side-by-Side and Remote Help Dialogues

Coupling agent based simulation with dynamic networks analysis to study the emergence of mutual knowledge as a percolation phenomenon

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