The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain: Figure 1.

Tremblay, Marie‐Ève; Stevens, Beth; Sierra, Amanda; Wake, Hiroaki; Bessis, Alain; Nimmerjahn, Axel

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4158-11.2011

Cited by 860 publications

(734 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Neurons exert an inhibitory control on the immune activity of glial cells [124]. Normal, healthy brain ageing is associated with an increased number of activated microglia [125][126][127] and with an enhanced level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The increased pro-inflammatory environment in the brain accelerates brain ageing [128,129], aggravates cognitive deficits impairing neuronal functions [130][131][132] and reduces neurogenesis [133,134].…”

Section: Processes Contributing To Brain Ageingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing

Bilkei-Gorzó

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

120

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The role of endocannabinoids as inhibitory retrograde transmitters is now widely known and intensively studied. However, endocannabinoids also influence neuronal activity by exerting neuroprotective effects and regulating glial responses. This review centres around this less-studied area, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the cannabinoid system in brain ageing. The progression of ageing is largely determined by the balance between detrimental, proageing, largely stochastic processes, and the activity of the homeostatic defence system. Experimental evidence suggests that the cannabinoid system is part of the latter system. Cannabinoids as regulators of mitochondrial activity, as anti-oxidants and as modulators of clearance processes protect neurons on the molecular level. On the cellular level, the cannabinoid system regulates the expression of brainderived neurotrophic factor and neurogenesis. Neuroinflammatory processes contributing to the progression of normal brain ageing and to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases are suppressed by cannabinoids, suggesting that they may also influence the ageing process on the system level. In good agreement with the hypothesized beneficial role of cannabinoid system activity against brain ageing, it was shown that animals lacking CB1 receptors show early onset of learning deficits associated with age-related histological and molecular changes. In preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders, cannabinoids show beneficial effects, but the clinical evidence regarding their efficacy as therapeutic tools is either inconclusive or still missing.

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Section: Processes Contributing To Brain Ageingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing

Bilkei-Gorzó

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

120

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“…This has been highlighted by several studies recently summarized by Trembay and colleagues (2011), indicating that microglia are actively involved in the remodeling of the perisynaptic environment and fine-tuning of neuronal activity, likely also involving feedback signals provided by the neurons to modulate the state of activity in microglia (Tremblay et al, 2011). This bidirectional communication is achieved through interactions between cell-surface receptors and cell-surface-bound ligands (i.e.…”

Section: Microglia Functions In the Adult Brainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Impact of Prenatal Immune System Disturbances on Brain Development

Madhusudan

Vogel

Knuesel

2012

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

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As research into various aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders reveals their immense pathophysiological complexity, the focus is currently shifting from studying changes in an advanced disease state to investigations involving pre-symptomatic periods, possible aberrations in early life, and even abnormalities in brain development. Recent studies on the etiology of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders revealed a profound impact of neurodevelopmental disturbances on disease predisposition, onset and progression. Here, we discuss how a prenatal immune challenge can affect the developing brain-with a selective focus on the impact on microglia, the brain's immune cells-and the implications for brain aging and its associated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. ABSTRACTAs research into various aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders reveals their immense

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“…They can secrete TNF-α and IL-6 under inflammatory conditions, provide growth factors in early synaptogenesis, eliminate redundant synapses, and modulate synaptic transmission [78,79]. Morgan et al found microglial cells were activated in approximately 40% of their autism samples together with an increase in the average microglial somal volume in white mater [77].…”

Section: Immune Dysregulation In Asdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism

2015

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a spectral neurodevelopment disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population. ASD is characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction, communication deficits and restricted patterns of behavior. Multiple factors, including genetic/genomic, epigenetic/epigenomic and environmental, are thought to be necessary for autism development. Recent reviews have provided further insight into the genetic/genomic basis of ASD. It has long been suspected that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, chromatin structures and long non-coding RNAs may play important roles in the pathology of ASD. In addition to genetic/genomic alterations and epigenetic/epigenomic influences, environmental exposures have been widely accepted as an important role in autism etiology, among which immune dysregulation and gastrointestinal microbiota are two prominent ones. autism spectrum disorder, genetic architecture, genomic disorder, gene mutation, copy number variants, single nucleotide variants, genetic pathways, epigenetic influence, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, long non-coding RNAs, environment exposure, immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal microbiota Citation:Yu L, Wu YM, Wu BL. Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism. Sci China Life Sci, 2015, 58: 958-967,

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The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain: Figure 1.

Cited by 860 publications

References 78 publications

The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing

The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing

Impact of Prenatal Immune System Disturbances on Brain Development

Genetic architecture, epigenetic influence and environment exposure in the pathogenesis of Autism

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