The role of microglia in central nervous system immunity and glioma immunology

Yang, Isaac; Han, Seunggu J.; Kaur, Gurvinder; Crane, Courtney A.; Parsa, Andrew T.

doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.006

Cited by 307 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…These inactive microglia are important in immune surveillance as they constantly monitor the CNS microenvironment through pinocytosis. Infection or injury in the CNS results in the activation of microglia leading to their increased proliferation, motility, phagocytosis and release of cytokines and ROS [23]. Activation of microglia also results in increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules and stimulates CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, and therefore serve as important APCs of the CNS [23].…”

Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection or injury in the CNS results in the activation of microglia leading to their increased proliferation, motility, phagocytosis and release of cytokines and ROS [23]. Activation of microglia also results in increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules and stimulates CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, and therefore serve as important APCs of the CNS [23]. Microglia are of myelomonocytic origin and in addition to TLRs, these cells express CD11b and CD45 [23].…”

Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activation of microglia also results in increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules and stimulates CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, and therefore serve as important APCs of the CNS [23]. Microglia are of myelomonocytic origin and in addition to TLRs, these cells express CD11b and CD45 [23]. It has been noted that microglia are activated in all diseases of the CNS and they are among the first cells found at the site of tissue injury and infection, and function to recruit other immune cells [19].…”

Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these tumours there are high levels of infiltrating microglia, yet in the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, these microglia are unable to induce an effective anti-tumour T cell response [23]. The immunosuppressive properties of glioma include, high levels of infiltrating Tregs and secretion of immunosuppressive TGFβ and IL-10 [70,71].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immunosuppressive properties of glioma include, high levels of infiltrating Tregs and secretion of immunosuppressive TGFβ and IL-10 [70,71]. Other function of microglia that are inhibited by glioma include, phagocytosis, antigen presentation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines [23]. An effective immunotherapy has been proposed to be one in which alleviates the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma and yet triggers an effective anti-tumour immune response [71].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the role of Toll-like receptors in diseases of the central nervous system

Carty

Bowie

2011

Biochemical Pharmacology

132

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A key part of the innate immune system is a network of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their associated intracellular signalling pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one such group of PRRs that detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Activation of the TLRs with their respective agonists results in the activation of intracellular signalling pathways leading to the expression of proinflammatory mediators and anti-microbial effector molecules. Activation of the innate immune system through TLRs also triggers the adaptive immune response, resulting in a comprehensive immune program to eradicate invading pathogens. It is now known that immune surveillance and inflammatory responses occur in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore it is becoming increasingly clear that TLRs have a role in such CNS responses andare also implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of conditions in the CNS, such as Alzheimer's, stroke and multiple sclerosis. This is likely due to the generation of endogenous TLR agonists in these conditions which amplifies a detrimental neurotoxic inflammatory response. However TLRs in some situations can be neuroprotective, if triggered in a favourable context. This review aims to examine the recent literature on TLRs in the CNS thus demonstrating their importance in a range of infectious and non-infectious diseases of the brain.

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Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Microglia In Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evaluating the role of Toll-like receptors in diseases of the central nervous system

Carty

Bowie

2011

Biochemical Pharmacology

132

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Neonatal Rat Primary Microglia: Isolation, Culturing, and Selected Applications

Aschner

2010

CP Toxicology

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Microglial cells elaborate trophic factors and cytokines and remove toxins and debris from the extracellular space, acting analogously to peripheral macrophages. Over the past two decades increased attention has been directed at the role of microglia, not only in normal physiology, but also in mediating neurotoxicity. Activation of microglia is inherent to multiple neurodegenerative disorders and exposure to toxic compounds. In large measure, these revelations have come about as a result of technologies that enable researchers to obtain high-yield and -purity primary cultures of rodent microglia. The mechanical isolation protocol discussed in this protocol offers an economical method to isolate large amount of microglia in a short and not too labor intensive manner. Most importantly, it assures a high yield of cells with great reproducibility. Given the ever increasing importance of microglia to the field of neurotoxicology research, the ability to isolate high yield of primary microglia makes it possible to investigate the role and mechanisms associated with microglial modulation of neurotoxicity. We provide a detailed description on the methods that is routinely used in our laboratory for the isolation and culturing of microglia, with emphasis on the steps which are deemed most critical for obtaining pure and healthy cultures.

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