The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints

Carter, Dennis R.; Wong, Maylene

doi:10.1002/jor.1100060604

Cited by 196 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Mechanical stress on the articular cartilage activates chondrocytes, inducing the synthesis of proteoglycan 25) , and increasing the amounts of cAMP and cGMP 26) . Furthermore, the invasion of the subchondral bone is inhibited by transient fluid pressures such as periodic stress related to muscle contraction around the joint occurring in deep layers of the cartilage 27,28) . Therefore, the mechanical stresses provide by articular movement and loads are important for the restoration of articular cartilage 29,30) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathological Changes in Knee Joint Components after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

et al. 2012

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Abstract.[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the histopathological changes in knee joint components after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. [Subjects and Methods] Eighteen adult, nine-week-old female Wistar rats were used in this study. Nine experimental rats underwent a spinal cord transection at the level of Th8-9 and the other nine control rats were raised normally. The animals were assessed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. Formalin fixed sections from knee joints were morphologically examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Alterations of knee joint components were evaluated at four regions: the synovial membrane within the posterior articular capsule region, the cartilage apposite the femur, the cartilage apposite the tibia, and the fat pad under the patellar ligament region.[Results] Dilatation and congestion of the microvasculature and lymphoid infiltration were observed in the synovial membrane in the SCI group. These findings are similar to those found in early osteoarthritis. The surface layer of the articular cartilage in the SCI group showed fibrous proliferation. [Conclusion] The histopathological changes appear not to be progressive and may be related to spasticity of the hindlimb or a disorder in the autonomic function.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathological Changes in Knee Joint Components after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

et al. 2012

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“…The basic ossification characteristics of secondary centres near a diarthrodial joint can be illustrated by using the OI approach described (figure 3). The results of the analyses predict the appearance of secondary ossification centres at the end of the rudiments on both sides of the joint (Carter & Wong 1988). In the rudiment with a concave joint surface the secondary centre is predicted to appear closer to the surface that in the rudiment with a convex surface.…”

Section: Modelling Cartilage Growth and Ossificationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…(From Carter & Beaupré (2001). ) that embodies this concept we introduced (Carter & Wong 1988) the OI, which is calculated as…”

Section: Modelling Cartilage Growth and Ossificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling cartilage mechanobiology

Carter

Wong

2003

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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151

124

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The growth, maintenance and ossification of cartilage are fundamental to skeletal development and are regulated throughout life by the mechanical cues that are imposed by physical activities. Finite element computer analyses have been used to study the role of local tissue mechanics on endochondral ossification patterns, skeletal morphology and articular cartilage thickness distributions. Using single-phase continuum material representations of cartilage, the results have indicated that local intermittent hydrostatic pressure promotes cartilage maintenance. Cyclic tensile strains (or shear), however, promote cartilage growth and ossification. Because single-phase material models cannot capture fluid exudation in articular cartilage, poroelastic (or biphasic) solid/fluid models are often implemented to study joint mechanics. In the middle and deep layers of articular cartilage where poroelastic analyses predict little fluid exudation, the cartilage phenotype is maintained by cyclic fluid pressure (consistent with the single-phase theory). In superficial articular layers the chondrocytes are exposed to tangential tensile strain in addition to the high fluid pressure. Furthermore, there is fluid exudation and matrix consolidation, leading to cell 'flattening'. As a result, the superficial layer assumes an altered, more fibrous phenotype. These computer model predictions of cartilage mechanobiology are consistent with results of in vitro cell and tissue and molecular biology experiments.

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“…Heegaard et al (1999) simulated the emergence of a basic interlocking joint morphology in response to mechanically stimulated differential growth. Other models have been implemented to investigate various aspects of limb development including endochondral ossification and the development of secondary sites of ossification (Carter and Wong, 1988;Stevens et al, 1999), the emergence of the femoral bicondylar angle, and the common childhood orthopaedic problem, developmental dysplasia of the hip (Shefelbine and Carter, 2004;Shefelbine et al, 2002). Nowlan et al (2008a) tibiotarsus that was used to investigate the mechanoregulation of ossification by the dynamic patterns of stimuli generated during muscle contraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic patterns of mechanical stimulation co-localise with growth and cell proliferation during morphogenesis in the avian embryonic knee joint

Roddy

Kelly

et al. 2011

Journal of Biomechanics

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a b s t r a c tMuscle contractions begin in early embryonic life, generating forces that regulate the correct formation of the skeleton. In this paper we test the hypothesis that the biophysical stimulation generated by muscle forces may be a causative factor for the changes in shape of the knee joint as it grows. We do this by predicting the spatial and temporal patterns of biophysical stimuli, where cell proliferation and rudiment shape changes occur within the emerging tissues of the joint over time. We used optical projection tomography (OPT) to create anatomically accurate finite element models of the embryonic knee at three time points (stages) of development. OPT was also used to locate muscle attachment sites and AFM was used to determine material properties. An association was found between the emergence of joint shape, cell proliferation and the pattern of biophysical stimuli generated by embryonic muscle contractions. Elevated rates of growth and cell proliferation in the medial condyle were found to co-localise with elevated patterns of biophysical stimuli including maximum principal stresses and fluid flow, throughout the time period studied, indicating that cartilage growth and chondrocyte proliferation in the epiphysis is potentially related to local patterns of biophysical stimuli. The development of the patella and articular cartilages, which is known to be affected by in ovo immobilisation, could be contributed to by specific patterns of fluid flow, pore pressure and stress in the joint interzone. This suggests that both cartilage growth and tissue differentiation in the embryonic joint is regulated by specific patterns of biophysical stimuli and that these stimuli are needed for the correct development of the joint.

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The role of mechanical loading histories in the development of diarthrodial joints

Cited by 196 publications

References 22 publications

Histopathological Changes in Knee Joint Components after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Histopathological Changes in Knee Joint Components after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Modelling cartilage mechanobiology

Dynamic patterns of mechanical stimulation co-localise with growth and cell proliferation during morphogenesis in the avian embryonic knee joint

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