Modelling cartilage mechanobiology

Carter, Dennis R.; Wong, Maylene

doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1346

Cited by 151 publications

(128 citation statements)

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“…12,[20][21][22] Specifically, Carter and Wong, 12,23 using a two-dimensional (2D) finite element model, showed that cyclic shear stresses promote endochondral ossification, whereas cyclic compressive dilatational stresses inhibit ossification. These finite element models illustrate that in the developing chondroepiphysis, the region of highest osteogenic index corresponds to the location of the secondary ossification center.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These finite element models illustrate that in the developing chondroepiphysis, the region of highest osteogenic index corresponds to the location of the secondary ossification center. 21,22,[24][25][26] Experimental data obtained by applying intermittent and continuous compressive forces to the 16-day-old metatarsal rudiment of mouse embryo in organ culture demonstrated that the mineral apposition in the primary ossification site in the center of the metatarsal cartilage rudiment is accelerated, with intermittent forces twice as effective as continuous forces. 27 This study suggests that mechanical stresses accelerate the formation of the primary ossification site during prenatal development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

Sundaramurthy

Mao

2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Although previous theoretical modeling studies have predicted that various mechanical stresses accelerate or inhibit the ossification process of the neonatal chondroepiphysis, there is a paucity of experimental data to verify these models. The present study was designed to provide experimental evidence on whether the ossification of the chondroepiphysis is modulated by mechanical loading on the distal femoral condyle explant of the neonatal (5-day-old) rabbit in organ culture. Upon aseptic dissection, the right condyle explant was immersed in and fixated to an organ culture system, and received cyclic forces at 200 mN and 1 Hz for 12 h (N ¼ 8) directly on its slightly convex articular surface, whereas the contralateral, left condyle explant was immersed separately in organ culture (N ¼ 8). Subsequently, both loaded and control explants were placed in a bioreactor rotating at 20 rpm for 72 h. In each mechanically loaded specimen, a structure reminiscent of the secondary ossification center (SOC) appeared with an average area of 1.17 AE 0.13 mm 2 , or 15.2 AE 8.2% of the total epiphysis area. In contrast, no SOC was detected in any of the unloaded contralateral control specimens. The SOC in mechanically loaded specimens was stained intensively with fast green, whereas either the rest of the loaded epiphysis or the entire control epiphysis was stained intensely to safranin-O but lacked fast green staining. Immunolocalization revealed that the SOC of the mechanically loaded specimens expressed Runx 2 and osteopontin, both of which were absent in the unloaded control specimens. Type X collagen was expressed surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the SOC, but was absent in the control specimen. Type II collagen and decorin were absent in the SOC of the loaded specimen, but were expressed throughout the rest of the loaded epiphysis and the unloaded control epiphysis. The intensity of type II collagen and decorin expression was significantly stronger among hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC than the control. The numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC and superior to metaphyseal bone were significantly higher in the loaded specimens than the unloaded controls. Taken together, mechanical stresses accelerate the formation of the secondary ossification center, and therefore modulate endochondral ossification. ß

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

Sundaramurthy

Mao

2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…Using the material representation of the continuum phase of cartilage, results have indicated that local intermittent hydrostatic pressure promotes cartilage maintenance (Carter & Wong, 2003).…”

Section: Computational Analysis Of Articular Cartilagementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage

Landínez-Parra¹,

Garzón‐Alvarado²,

Vanegas-Acosta³

2012

Injury and Skeletal Biomechanics

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“…The reduction of poroelastic behaviour in degenerated discs implies a reduction in hydrostatic pressure. The reduction in hydrostatic pressure will increase the shear stresses in the IVD (Carter and Wong, 2003;Hwang et al, 2012), which is known to have a mechanobiological effect on the IVD cells. The cells respond to shear stress by activation of remodelling genes, which leads to increased production of collagen type-I (Carter and Wong, 2003, Paul et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Poroelastic behaviour of the degenerating human intervertebral disc: a ten-day study in a loaded disc culture system

Emanuel

Vergroesen²,

Peeters³

et al. 2015

eCM

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The intervertebral disc (IVD) allows flexibility to the vertebral column, and transfers the predominant axial loads during daily activities. Its axial biomechanical behaviour is poroelastic, due to the water-binding and releasing capacity of the nucleus pulposus. Degeneration of the intervertebral disc presumably affects both the instantaneous elastic response to the load on the IVD and the subsequent interstitial flow of fluid. This study aims to quantify the poroelastic behaviour of the IVD and its change with degeneration, as defined by the magnetic resonance imaging-based Pfirrmann Score (PS). For a period of ten days, 36 human lumbar IVDs were loaded with a simulated physiological axial loading regime, while deformation was monitored. The IVDs responded to the loads with instantaneous elastic and slow poroelastic axial deformation. Several mechanical parameters changed throughout the first five days of the experiment, until the IVDs settled into a dynamic equilibrium. In this equilibrium, degeneration was significantly related to a decrease in disc height loss during the daytime high load phase (ρ = -0.49), and to a decrease in the rate of this deformation during the final half hour of each day (ρ = -0.53). These properties were related to the nucleus glycosaminoglycan/hydroxyproline (GAG/HYP) ratio, rather than GAG content alone, indicating that remodelling of the extracellular matrix reduces poroelastic properties of the IVD. This implies that the degenerated discs have a reduced capacity to bind water and/or a reduced resistance against fluid flow. The resulting loss in hydrostatic pressure may further change cell behaviour in the nucleus pulposus.Keywords: Intervertebral disc, degeneration, biomechanics, poroelastic behaviour, Pfirrmann, magnetic resonance imaging, glycosaminoglycan, biochemistry, loaded disc culture system, spine. IntroductionLow back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent medical complaints in western society, with enormous socioeconomic impact (Katz, 2006). Lifetime prevalence of more than three months of LBP is 20 % (Hoy et al., 2012), and direct and indirect costs of LBP are estimated at 0.6 % of the gross national product in the Netherlands (Lambeek et al., 2011). Despite this, the scientific progress to improve prevention and cure has been limited so far (Balagué et al., 2012). Progress has been hampered, among others, by difficulties in pinpointing the aetiology of non-specific LBP (Andersson, 1999). In the past two decades, the relation between intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and LBP has been under debate (Adams et al., 2000;Balagué et al., 2012;van Tulder et al., 1997), but recent epidemiological studies show that IVD degeneration indeed is a significant predictor (Cheung et al., 2009;Livshits et al., 2011;Wang et al., 2012). Structure and function of the intervertebral discThe IVD is a "cushion-like structure" (Chan et al., 2011). Its core is the nucleus pulposus, a gel-like matrix rich in proteoglycans, which is contained by the annulus fibrosus, consisting o...

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Modelling cartilage mechanobiology

Cited by 151 publications

References 45 publications

Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

Mechanical Behavior of Articular Cartilage

Poroelastic behaviour of the degenerating human intervertebral disc: a ten-day study in a loaded disc culture system

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