The Role of Masculinity Threat in Homonegativity and Transphobia

Konopka, Karolina; Rajchert, Joanna; Dominiak-Kochanek, Monika; Roszak, Joanna

doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1661728

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…With regard to the second objective, as expected (Hypothesis 1) the men show higher modern homonegativity toward gay men and lesbian women. These results are in agreement with other studies [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 35 ], which establish that men are compelled to comply with a model of hegemonic masculinity that rejects homosexuality, above all male homosexuality, as well as non-traditional manifestations of gender.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Those people who identify as heterosexual reveal greater modern homonegativity toward gay and lesbian people [ 29 ]. This fact could be due to the idea that homosexuality challenges heterosexual relations and practices, and identity and gender roles, which are normalized through heteronormativity [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the study of attitudes toward homosexuality has found considerable sociodemographic differences. Men tend to show more hostile attitudes toward LGB people than women [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Likewise, people with strong religious beliefs, people who are politically conservative, and/or with a low level of education, have more negative attitudes [ 26 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students

Berbén

Pereira

Lara-Garrido

et al. 2022

EJIHPE

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The studies focused on analysing attitudes toward homosexuality show that the manifestation of homonegativity has evolved into more modern forms. We therefore propose using instruments that capture subtle aspects in discrimination against gay and lesbian people. The objective of this study is twofold. First, we aim to adapt and validate the Portuguese version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale. Second, we set out to analyse the modern homonegativity shown by Portuguese university students. The scale includes two parallel subscales (MHS-Gay Men and MHS-Lesbian Women), each with 12 items. Six hundred and forty-one Portuguese college students between 18 and 27 years of age participated in the study (Mage = 21.23; SD = 1.88). The results demonstrate the unidimensionality of the scale and a high degree of internal consistency, along with satisfactory fit indices. Those people who identified as male and heterosexual showed greater modern homonegativity. We conclude that the Portuguese version of the MHS is valid and reliable for evaluating modern homonegativity in Portugal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students

Berbén

Pereira

Lara-Garrido

et al. 2022

EJIHPE

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“…That is, the greater sexual prejudice expressed by men would be due to their precarious manhood, which corresponds to their perception that the higher social status of men relative to women “is hard-won and easily lost” (see Vandello & Bosson, 2013, p. 11). Previous research has shown that men who have their gender identity threatened when they receive feedback that describes them as having feminine traits react with more significant anxiety, discomfort, and aggressive thoughts (e.g., Vandello et al, 2008), and feel negative emotions about gays and lesbians (Konopka et al, 2019). We went a step further by showing a different phenomenon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of gender and male distinctiveness threat on prejudice against homosexuals.

Figueiredo¹,

Pereira²

2021

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Positive distinctiveness threat is central for understanding ingroup bias, but its role in gender differences in the expression of sexual prejudice is not yet satisfactorily elucidated. We analyzed this issue by proposing that sexual prejudice is a defensive reaction to ensure intergroup distinctiveness, so that heterosexual men are more prejudiced against homosexuals than heterosexual women because they strive more for positive distinctiveness. In Study 1 (N = 232), we found that men exhibited more prejudice against gay men than lesbians, while women did not significantly differentiate their prejudice against these target groups. In Study 2, we manipulated the target group of prejudice (gay men vs. lesbians) in a sample of heterosexual men (N = 79) and confirmed that they differentiated more between heterosexual men and gay men than between heterosexual women and lesbians. In Study 3 (N = 177), we manipulated the threat to the distinctiveness between the ingroup (i.e., heterosexual men and heterosexual women) and the outgroup (i.e., gay men and lesbians) and demonstrated that the perceived distinctiveness mediates the relationship between gender and sexual prejudice in men but not in women. Finally, in Study 4 (N = 75), we manipulated the distinctiveness threat for men and women and measured sexual prejudice by using an implicit measure. The results showed more implicit prejudice in men than in women when intergroup distinctiveness was threatened (vs. affirmed). Our results have important implications for understanding sexual prejudice by shedding light on the role played by the distinctiveness threat of gender differences in expressing homophobia.

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“…Because manhood is a fragile social status, it can be easily lost or threatened, and men are motivated to prove their manhood by expressing typically masculine attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, men, but not women, following a gender threat manifest higher levels of aggression (Cohn et al 2009), more traditional attitudes toward gender roles (Kosakowska-Berezecka et al 2016), and stronger prejudice toward sexual minority (Konopka et al 2019;Rivera and Dasgupta 2018) and transgender individuals (Konopka et al 2019). All these attitudinal and behavioral manifestations allow one to present one's self as typically masculine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland

2019

Self Cite

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Transphobia is an under-examined but important type of prejudice to study in Polish culture. Poland is a country where a majority of transgender people feel discriminated against. There is a need for a more evidence-based measures for researchers and practitioners to better understand transphobia. The main purpose of the present three studies (n = 300 participants for each study) was to validate the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS; Hill and Willoughby 2005) and the Transphobia Scale (TS; Nagoshi et al. 2008) in Polish culture and to identify the possible psychological and demographic factors that matter in forming attitudes toward transgender individuals. The results confirm that Polish versions of both the GTS and the TS are reliable instruments to measure attitudes toward transgender individuals. Moreover, the studies revealed that both traditional and modern homonegativity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, religious fundamentalism, attitudes toward gender roles, and biological and cultural beliefs about the origins of gender differences were significant predictors of transphobia. As in previous studies, men were more prejudiced toward gender nonconformists in comparison to women. These studies contribute well-adapted tools for measuring transphobia and data-driven collection of significant predictors of transphobia.

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The Role of Masculinity Threat in Homonegativity and Transphobia

Cited by 28 publications

References 84 publications

Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students

Psychometric Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Modern Homonegativity Scale among Portuguese College Students

The effect of gender and male distinctiveness threat on prejudice against homosexuals.

Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland

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