The Role of Ion Exchange Resins for Solving Biorefinery Catalytic Processes Challenges

Abstract

Different possible applications of ion exchange resins in the framework of biorefinery catalytic applications are discussed in this article. Three case studies were selected for this approach, connected to three main routes for biomass upgrading: syngas upgrading to high-value chemicals, biomass hydrolysate upgrading, and direct upgrading of oily fraction. The tailored acidic properties of these materials, as well as their stability in the presence of water, have made them promising catalysts for applications such as obtaining biodiesel from activated sludge wastes in batch reactors and obtaining polyoxymethylene methyl ether from syngas (via formaldehyde and methylal, and working in a continuous fixed bed reactor). However, the acidity of these materials may still be too low for acid-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions in the aqueous phase.

A Study of Isosorbide Synthesis from Sorbitol for Material Applications Using Isosorbide Dimethacrylate for Enhancement of Bio-Based Resins

“…When sorbitol (a naturally occurring polyol) is used, a dehydration reaction is required to obtain isosorbide [11,12]. Many synthesis methods, including various catalysts, were introduced, experimentally assessed, and described in the published literature [13][14][15][16]. In addition to using sorbitol as a starting material for isosorbide synthesis, various carbohydrate structures, such as glucose [17] or starch [18][19][20], are used to manufacture this compound.…”