The role of hybrid models in understanding failure mechanisms of infrastructure electronics due to high-power microwave illumination

Abstract

− Over the last few years, members of the electromagnetics community have used two types of models to investigate the differences in upset thresholds for multiple microsecond pulses compared to single or few shot short-pulse illuminations of complex electronic equipment. These models are: communication theory models and hybrid models. After reviewing and contrasting these models, we use a hybrid model to better understand failure modes in a SCADA trainer as a simple example. The model considers the type of failures seen in current injection testing of this SCADA. The purpose of the model is to introduce a methodology of predicting failure modes for complex infrastructure components.

A stochastic process and chaos interpretation of HPE and HPM effects on electronic systems

“…It is these waves that create chaos signals in the volume [1]. The forgoing figure is representative of a wide class of systems such as for example hybrid control systems [2], but it is not meant to be an all-inclusive representation. Unwanted signals can combine with the basic signal via the FD electronics and enter the first system component at point P.…”

Effects of UWB and chaotic signals on selected oscillators

“…As mentioned, the nonlinear impedance is represented by the function ( ) x ϕ , which for the purposes of our investigation is defined as: 2 3 2 ( ) (10 1) 7 14 2…”

“…Engineers who design infrastructure systems are careful to consider the stability of the systems under normal operation, but do not normally consider external threats or stimulants that may contribute to the instability. Stoudt, Gardner, and Kohlberg [1][2][3] show examples of simple electronic systems that go unstable through a combination of pulsed field illumination and misdirected energy from a system power supply. In this paper, we will examine the effects on simple selected oscillators of multi-frequency (chaotic in that the center frequency jumps abruptly from frequency to frequency) and ultra wideband signals.…”

Theoretical foundation for hybrid effects models

“…From 2007 to 2011, Stoudt, Gardner, and Kohlberg prepared a series of papers on the effects of external signals on complex infrastructure components [1][2][3][4][5][6]. The models used hybrid control theory as a tool that allowed modeling of large interconnected systems but did not require the detail of a finite-difference model [5].…”