The role of ghrelin in energy homeostasis and its potential clinical relevance (Review)

Cheng, Kai‐Chun; Li, Yingxiao; Asakawa, Akihiro; Inui, Akio

doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000524

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Vagal neurons have been proposed as an alternative pathway for ghrelin's orexigenic actions. The afferent vagus is thought to convey appetite-regulating signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the hypothalamus via the nucleus tractus solitaris in the brainstem, resulting in adaptive changes in energy homeostasis [22]. GHSR found in the dorsal vagal complex suggest it is a target for circulating ghrelin [23].…”

Section: Vagus Nerve and Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Role of Ghrelin in the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis

Sovetkina¹,

Nadir²,

Fung³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that is primarily released from the stomach. It is best known for its role in appetite initiation. However, evidence also suggests that ghrelin may play a much wider role in energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. It is known that exogenous ghrelin exerts an orexigenic signal via growth hormone secretagogue receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, blocking ghrelin signalling in the arcuate nucleus does not decrease feeding. Evidence now proposes that an alternative pathway for ghrelin's action is via the vagus nerve. Furthermore, it has been suggested that ghrelin signalling is an important physiological regulator of body adiposity and energy storage. Ghrelin also seems to be important in controlling glucose metabolism through action in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, representing a promising novel therapeutic target in diabetes treatment. Despite these findings, further research in humans is required before ghrelin can be indicated as a therapeutic target in obesity or diabetes. This review summarises the current literature concerning ghrelin's physiological roles in energy and glucose homeostasis.

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Section: Vagus Nerve and Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Role of Ghrelin in the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis

Sovetkina¹,

Nadir²,

Fung³

et al. 2020

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The image segmentation was performed manually with the potential for error in accurately demarking the border zone for the ROI.This was combined with a HEX-dependent decrease in troponin-I, IL-1β and TNF-α levels suggestive of amelioration of cardiomyocyte injury.Conclusion:These results demonstrate that GHS may preserve ventricular function, reduce inflammation and favourably remodel the process of fibrotic healing in a mouse model of MI and hold the potential for translational application to patients Ghrelin plays a major role in the regulation of systemic metabolism and has been shown to exert a number of central and peripheral actions such as regulation of food intake, control of energy balance, glucose metabolism and insulin release, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion and motility(388,389). The GHS-R is expressed…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

The cardioprotective effects of growth hormone secretagogues in mouse models of myocardial ischemia reperfusion and infarction

McDonald¹

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Introduction: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. With the optimisation of treatment for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), there has been a parallel increase in the survival of patients with severely compromised cardiac function. Pathological ventricular remodelling and myocardial dysfunction are key events in the progression of AMI, with heart failure remaining to be one of the most challenging conditions to prevent and manage in AMI patients. Therefore, the preservation of left ventricular (LV) function and prevention and reversal of cardiac fibrosis is essential for the management of these patients. However, to date, there remains a lack of effective therapeutic agents available for targeting these adverse processes post-AMI. Furthermore, the research field of cardio-protection has been plagued by numerous failed attempts to translate promising therapeutic strategies for preventing myocardial ischemic injury discovered in the basic science laboratory into the clinical setting. A major factor underlying this failure entails the inappropriate use of experimental animal models. Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) have been demonstrated to improve cardiac function, attenuate inflammation, remodeling and modulate the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in models of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This work aimed to determine whether hexarelin (HEX), a synthetic GHS, could preserve LV function and attenuate inflammation and remodeling in mouse models of myocardial ischemia reperfusion and infarction. Methods: Myocardial ischemia was induced by either transient or permanent ligation of the left descending coronary artery in male C57BL/6J mice followed by chronic vehicle or HEX administration throughout the recovery period. High field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed to assess LV function and tissue characteristics. More specifically ischemiainjured and sham mice were subjected to MRI using a T 1-weighted late gadolinium enhancement sequence (LGE) at 9.4 Tesla (T) to measure LV function, mass and infarct size. iii The development of novel techniques to assess area at risk at 16 T were also explored in this work. Results: In response to the ischemic insult, HEX-treated mice demonstrated a significant improvement in LV function compared with the VEH-treated group. A significant decrease in interstitial collagen, TGF-β1 expression and myofibroblast differentiation was also seen in the HEX-treated mice. HEX treatment shifted the balance of ANS towards a parasympathetic predominance, evidenced by a smaller low/high-frequency power ratio (LF/HF) and increased normalized high frequency power (nHF) measured by heart rate variability analysis. This was combined with a significant decrease in cardiac troponin-I and inflammatory cytokines, suggestive of a HEX-mediated anti-inflammatory effect and amelioration of cardiomyocyte injury based on a reduction in cardiac troponins. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that GHS may preserve LV function and prevent adver...

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Role of gastrointestinal hormones in feeding behavior and obesity treatment

et al. 2015

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Food intake regulation is generally evaluated by many aspects consisting of complex mechanisms, including homeostatic regulatory mechanism, which is based on negative feedback, and hedonic regulatory mechanism, which is driven by a reward system. One important aspect of food intake regulation is the peripheral hormones that are secreted from the gastrointestinal tract. These hormones are secreted from enteroendocrine cells as feedback to nutrient and energy intake, and will communicate with the brain directly or via the vagus nerve. Gastrointestinal hormones are very crucial in maintaining a steady body weight, despite variations in nutrient intake and energy expenditure. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of feeding behavior by gut hormones, and its role in obesity treatments.

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The role of ghrelin in energy homeostasis and its potential clinical relevance (Review)

Cited by 10 publications

References 81 publications

The Physiological Role of Ghrelin in the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis

The Physiological Role of Ghrelin in the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis

The cardioprotective effects of growth hormone secretagogues in mouse models of myocardial ischemia reperfusion and infarction

Role of gastrointestinal hormones in feeding behavior and obesity treatment

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