The Role of Bioenergy in Achieving the Carbon Neutrality Target in Finland by 2035—A Case Study of Student Surveyed at University in Finland

Abstract

The largest share of renewable energy in Finland comes from bioenergy. In 2019, bioenergy accounted for 82% (416 PJ, 116 TWh) of renewable energy in Finland. This study assesses the potential for increasing bioenergy in energy production by 2035 and what role it will play in achieving the carbon neutrality target in Finland. The role of different energy sources in the energy system was examined using existing scenarios developed for The National Long-Term Strategy. Two alternative low-emission scenarios have been developed to last until 2050 to meet the 2035 carbon neutrality target. In 2035, the amount of bioenergy has risen to 520 -550 PJ (144 -153 TWh), which is about 70% of renewable energy consumption. This means, that the bioenergy resource has been fully deployed and the relative share of bioenergy in renewables has decreased slightly. The study also included a survey to university students to map out how likely a carbon neutrality target is to be considered by 2035. University students were unsure of achieving the carbon neutrality target by 2035. The schedule was considered challenging especially in the transport sector. Bioenergy was also seen as still playing an important role, especially in heat production. Achieving significant emission reductions will require significant electrification in all energy use sectors, as fossil fuels cannot be sustainably replaced by bioenergy on a sufficiently large scale.

Research on the control strategy of LCL grid-connected inverters based on improved auto disturbance rejection

“…The interrupt module is shown in Figure 25 , which mainly consists of signal extraction, SOGI phase-locked loop, control algorithm, and ePWM generation module. The specific execution of the program is as follows: Set the CPU interrupt to 3 in the Interrupt module, the PIE interrupt corresponding to 1 is an ePWM interrupt, when an ePWM signal occurs, the program will enter the interrupt program for execution; at this moment, the ADC collects signals, processes the collected voltage and current signals, and sends them into different AD channels. The A/D acquisition unit in the chip extracts the phase angle of the collected voltage signal through the SOGI phase-locked loop module and uses the obtained phase signal as a phase reference for the current signal, furthermore, PI, RC, and active disturbance rejection control are applied to the grid-connected current, and the signal after being standardized by the controller is sent to the ePWM module to control the switch transistor.…”

“…However, in the context of global energy scarcity, achieving the "dual carbon" goal is a transformative goal for the development of new energy. 1,2 According to the national grid connection standards GB/T14549 and IEEE1547, 3,4 the total harmonic distortion (THD) of electrical energy injected into the power grid must be less than 5%. However, because of the existence of nonlinear factors such as the dead time effect, switching tube conduction voltage drop, and grid voltage fluctuations in grid-connected inverter systems, it is difficult for inverters to maintain good performance; thus, the research on inverters is of great significance.…”

Bioenergy Perspectives in the EU Regions: Carbon Neutrality Pathway

“…However, in Finland, for example, there are approximately 50 peat-burning plants where full peat replacement is not possible without additional investment. Furthermore, replacing oil with bioenergy often requires investing in a new boiler that is suitable for biofuels [34].…”

“…The change that is underway to reduce peat usage is a slow process and subject to much public debate. In Finland, for example, according to current forecasts, the main energy use of peat will end in the 2030s due to peat taxation and an increase in the price of emissions allowances [34]. However, there is some dissatisfaction in society regarding the Finnish government's target of decreasing peat utilization, although it should be noted that opinion is divided, and some people would rather place peat in the category of renewable energy [36].…”

Gaseous cavitation characteristics of high-speed hydraulic electric motor-pump based on centrifugal pressurization: A numerical study

“…With the rapid development of permanent magnet technology, electric motors can run efficiently and stably at higher speeds. 1 In particular, with the application of permanent magnet motor frequency conversion technology in hydraulic systems, more energy can be saved, and no carbon emissions, which is very in line with the international background of “Carbon Neutrality” and “Emission Peak.” 2 In this context, hydraulic pumps driven by the electric motor will be widely used in construction machinery and mobile equipment in the recent future. Moreover, under the condition of the same output flow, broadening the working speed range of the hydraulic pump can greatly reduce the volume of hydraulic pumps, which is very beneficial to the mobile equipment with limited installation space.…”