Sediments from four lakes polluted by effuents from steel industries and from two reference lakes were investigated . The sediments contained elevated concentrations of oil, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Ni and Cr in different combinations . The toxicity of the polluted sediments to Daphnia was much higher than reported elsewhere (24-h LC50 0 .5-1 .5 vol %). Tubifex survived more than 3 months in the polluted sediments, but growth and reproduction were inhibited .