The role and rule of relatedness in altruism

Bourke, Andrew F. G.

doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00210-z

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to account for the emergence of cooperative behaviors such as direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, networks of reciprocity, and group selection (Nowak, 2006). However, these are cases that do not satisfy the definition of altruism, given that these cooperation behaviors ultimately improve the fitness of the individual performing such behavior (Bourke, 2021). One of the main theories about how altruism could emerge in the natural world, that satisfies the definition of altruism as “cooperation with a cost”, is the kin selection or inclusive fitness theory , proposed by Hamilton (1964a; 1964b) and condensed in the Hamilton rule (equation 1).…”

Section: Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Altruism has been defined as a behavior that reduces the expected reproductive performance (fitness) or survival of the agent performing the behavior, while simultaneously increasing the fitness of the recipient of the action (Kay et al, 2020; Floreano et al, 2008; Bourke, 2021; Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981). At first glance, this appears to be in conflict with the Darwinian conception of natural selection understood as “survival of the fittest” (Kay et al, 2020); nevertheless, this apparent paradox dissolves when we consider the genes of the individuals as the main unit for selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of altruistic behavior in heterogeneous populations of artificial agents by evolution of kin discrimination mechanism

2023

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The emergence of altruistic behaviors in heterogeneous populations of autonomous robots, especially in signaling tasks, has proven to be a difficult problem to solve. However signaling and altruistic behaviors are present throughout the tree of life. Specially giving that, signaling behaviors seem to have evolved multiple times whenever there is a channel to emit a signal and one to receive it. In this work, this problem is addressed, using evolutionary algorithms, and modeling phenomena such as kin selection and kin discrimination in a biologically plausible way. We also used self-organizing maps to analyze the behavior of these populations during the evolutionary process, within the solution space. We believe that this approach can shed light on the predictive power of the Hamilton rule, the importance of kin selection in the evolution of altruistic behaviors, and how self-organizing maps can allow us to observe the different solutions in which the evolutionary algorithm converges through time.

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Section: Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of altruistic behavior in heterogeneous populations of artificial agents by evolution of kin discrimination mechanism

2023

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“…A great many papers have been written on the topics of cooperation or coexistence of replicators (e.g., refs. 1,16,17,19). For n=2, coexistence occurs only when each replicator supports the other more than itself.…”

Section: Replicator Systems With Random Interaction Matrix Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The replicator equation (Nowak 15 also calls it the equation of density-dependent selection) states: 1) where i,j,r,s=1...n and for all a ij holds: a ij ≥0. Here x stands for the relative frequency of replicators and a for the interaction coefficient describing the interaction between two replicators.…”

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confidence: 99%

Entropy change due to selection in replicator and recombinator systems with randomly chosen interaction matrix values

Tiefenbrunner¹

2022

Preprint

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Selection can be described as a process of information accumulation. The present work extends this for frequency-dependent selection. For recombination, it is shown that the total entropy change can be calculated by summing the contributions of the individual gene loci in this case as well. For more complex replicator systems with and without recombination with randomly selected interaction matrix values (defining the fitness landscape), a detailed investigation is made of how the number of replicators ("genotypes") surviving, the mean fitness, and the entropy change depend on the number of replicators initially present, on their initial frequencies, and on certain properties (symmetry: aij=aji versus aij≠aji) of the interaction matrix. Survival of several to many replicators is the norm rather than the exception. The more survive, the smaller the entropy change due to selection, although this is no longer generally true for asymmetric interaction matrices. Cases deviating from the rule were studied, but their systematic classification is still lacking. Finally, how evolution alters replicator systems of greater complexity was analyzed. It is shown that different evolutionary algorithms can lead to an increase in mean fitness and/or an increase in the number of surviving replicators. In contrast to simple replicator systems, coexistence in more complex ones apparently results naturally as a consequence of selection and evolution. It results that the view that: "Evolution is based on a fierce competition between individuals and should therefore reward only selfish behavior" is merely an artifact that follows from the study of unrealistically simple systems.

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Closed‐Loop Recyclable Poly(ester‐disulfide)s for Potential Alternatives to Engineering Plastic

Chen,

Yang,

et al. 2024

Angewandte Chemie

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Facile fabrication, low material complexity and closed‐loop recycling are essential for polymer plastics to alter their linear product economy towards a cradle‐to‐cradle one. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are one way to achieve that, which intrinsically exhibit decent mechanical properties of the thermosets but could also be easily recycled like the thermoplastics. In this work, we introduce rigid ester structural motifs into dynamic poly(disulfide)s to form a series of dual polymer networks. Owning to the coherence of soft/rigid segments and the reversible sacrificial crosslinking, they exhibit tailorable properties and good resistance towards different chemicals. Their closed‐loop recycling is achieved via mild solvolysis, maintaining materials’ mechanical integrities. It offers a solution as a sustainable replacement for engineering plastics which are massively under production but hard to be recycled.

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The role and rule of relatedness in altruism

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Emergence of altruistic behavior in heterogeneous populations of artificial agents by evolution of kin discrimination mechanism

Emergence of altruistic behavior in heterogeneous populations of artificial agents by evolution of kin discrimination mechanism

Entropy change due to selection in replicator and recombinator systems with randomly chosen interaction matrix values

Closed‐Loop Recyclable Poly(ester‐disulfide)s for Potential Alternatives to Engineering Plastic

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