The Risk of Gallbladder Stone Formation Is Increased in Patients with Predialysis Chronic Kidney Disease but Not Those Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis Therapy

Abstract

Background: It is unclear whether the prevalence of gallbladder stones (GBS) is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: A total of 398 patients with CKD of each of the 5 disease stages [CKD1: 26; CKD2: 52; CKD3: 58; CKD4: 48; CKD5: 214, of whom 61 were predialysis and 153 were on dialysis (CKD5D)] were included in this study. Those in whom GBS were detected by ultrasonographic examination or who had a history of cholecystectomy owing to GBS were considered GBS patients. Results: In comparison to the GBS prevalence of 5.9% in the control group, that in CKD patients increased with the advancement of the disease stage (CKD1: 7.7%; CKD2: 15.4%; CKD3: 19.0%; CKD4: 20.8%; CKD5 predialysis: 21.3%; CKD5D: 22.9%). The prevalence was significantly greater in CKD5 patients than in the control group. CKD5 is a risk factor for GBS independent of age or sex. However, no significant relationship was found between the prevalence of GBS and the duration of hemodialysis therapy in CKD5D patients. Age was the only factor that was associated with GBS in predialysis CKD patients. Conclusion: The risk of GBS formation was high in predialysis CKD patients. Although the risk disappeared in CKD5D patients, the prevalence of GBS was still significantly higher than in the control population. Factors that promote GBS formation in predialysis CKD patients and/or that inhibit GBS formation in CKD5D patients remain unknown.

Increased frequency of gallbladder stone and related parameters in hemodialysis patients

“…It has a prevalence of 10-20% in adult populations (2). In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the prevalence of gallbladder stone (GBS) is shown to be increased with the advancement of disease stage, from 7.7% in CKD stage 1 to 21.3% in CKD stage 5 (3). Studies in dialysis patients showed a wide range of prevalence of GBS between 3.85%-33.3% (4,5).…”

Outcomes of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

“…In this study group, more than 50% of the patients are diabetic. In contrast to the general literature, Kazama et al argue that the risk of gallstone formation is higher in ESRD population except stage 5 than non-ESRD population [15].…”

“…We conclude that in general, uremic bleeding which is widely known, is well-controlled with HD treatment thus bleeding tendency should not be a major problem. Similarly, bleeding is not a problem in CAPD patients in LC [15].…”

The association between renal stone disease and cholesterol gallstones: the easy to believe and not hard to retrieve theory of the metabolic syndrome

“…69 Interestingly, the risk of gallstone formation is higher in patients before dialysis but not those undergoing chronic hemodialysis therapy, and in patients with renal transplant than those without transplant. 18,19 However, Badalamenti et al 70 reported the presence of gallstone in 28% of 119 patients on regular dialysis treatment and no relationships were found between gallstones and age or modes of dialysis. Therefore, screening for renal stone and gallstone disease during renal disease may allow early diagnosis and management.…”

“…Furthermore, the risk of gallstone formation is higher in patients before dialysis. 18 Interestingly, Park et al 19 showed that the risk of gallstone formation is higher in patients with renal transplant than those without transplant. Although further population studies are needed, it is possible to suggest that the presence of gallstone may suggest the need to check for renal stone disease and chronic kidney disease.…”