The Risk of Fluorosis in Students Exposed to a Higher than Optimal Concentration of Fluoride in Well Water

Ismaïl, Amid I.; Messer, James G.

doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02390.x

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…0.50 mg /l) in the drinking water were associated with a statistically increased risk of dental fluorosis (odd ratio: 18.9; 95% CI: 8.85 -40.44; Bardsen et al, 1999 ). Similar observations were reported in US, Canada, Chile, and other countries (Ismail and Messer, 1996;Karthikeyan et al, 1996;Villa et al, 1998;Kumar and Swango, 1999 ). A higher prevalence of overall bone and hip fractures was observed in areas with water fluoride levels greater than or equal to 4.32 mg /l (Li et al, 2001 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan

Lung

Hsiao

Chiang

2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Tea is a popular drink around the world. It is also one of the major sources of fluoride intake. The objectives of this study were to assess fluoride concentrations in popular non -, semi -, and full -fermented tea drinks sold on the Taiwan market. Concentration differences among three types of commercially available tea drinks ( tea leaf, tea bag, and packaged tea beverage ) were explored. Several influential factors in intake concentrations were evaluated. The acute threshold intake ( ATI ) and allowable daily intake ( ADI ) of those tea drinks were also estimated. For each commercial type, samples from the most popular tea in one particular fermentation degree ( non, semi, and full ) were randomly purchased and analyzed for fluoride concentrations. Fluoride levels in different rounds of tea, in different containers, and with different ratios of water and tea leaf were also assessed. In total, 132 tea samples were analyzed. The mean fluoride concentrations in leaf tea without the first round, leaf tea with the first round, bagged tea, and packaged tea were 7.04, 7.79, 5.37, and 25.7 mg / l, respectively. Most of the intake concentrations in those samples exceeded 4 mg / l F, the lower bound of fluoride levels reported in the literatures to be associated with a lower IQ in children and a higher risk of bone fracture. Fluoride concentrations in packaged tea were the highest among the three types of commercially available tea. For studied leaf and bagged tea, almost a constant amount of fluoride was infused from the same amount of tea leaf regardless of the water volume. Besides this, making tea with glass or pottery tea makers would not affect fluoride intake concentrations. Acute intoxication is unlikely to occur. However, tea lovers in high fluoride content areas shall consider limit their consumption of tea drinks to avoid potential chronic effects.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan

Lung

Hsiao

Chiang

2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…In Norway, high fluoride concentrations (Z0.50 mg/l) in drinking water were statistically associated with an increased risk of dental fluorosis (odd ratio: 18.9, 95% CI: 8.85-40.44, Bardsen et al, 1999). Similar observations were reported in the US, Canada, Chile, and other countries (Ismail and Messer, 1996;Karthikeyan et al, 1996;Villa et al, 1998;Kumar and Swango, 1999). Erdal and Buchanan (2005) stated that some children in the US may be at risk of dental fluorosis considering multi-pathway fluoride intakes.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Potential exposure and risk of fluoride intakes from tea drinks produced in Taiwan

Lung

Cheng

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Tea is the second most commonly consumed drink in the world. Excess fluoride intakes from tea drinks may cause health effects. This work assesses infusible fluoride levels in popular tea sold in Taiwan and evaluates potential exposure factors. Lungjing, pouchong, tienguanyin, oolong, pureh, and black tea specimens were purchased from different counties in Taiwan. Fluoride levels were evaluated in one complete cycle of tea making as well as at different calcium carbonate contents in water, with glass or porcelain teapots, and with/without adding sugar. Oolong tea leaves in each manufacturing step were also analyzed for infusible fluoride. Potential fluoride intakes and risks are estimated based on a national survey. Among six kinds of tea, black tea had the highest fluoride concentrations (8.6472.96 mg/l), whereas pureh (1.9772.70 mg/l) had the lowest levels. Higher percentages of infusible fluoride can be rinsed away from tea leaves curved lengthways compared to those curved end-to-end in the first 2.5 min. The use of glass or porcelain teapots and calcium carbonate content (up to 400 mg/l) in water would not affect infusible fluoride levels, whereas adding sugar increased the infusible fluoride in the first few minutes. In addition, it was found that the critical step during the manufacturing process affecting the percentage of infusible fluoride was ball rolling rather than fermentation. Furthermore, intakes of high amounts (Z5 l/week) of certain tea may result in excess risks of dental or skeletal fluorosis. Tea lovers could be exposed to excess fluoride and may be at risk of fluorosis.

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“…Median fluoride intake from diet, dentifrices and combined (mg F/kg body weight) by the children from the case (TFI ≥1) and noncase (TFI = 0) groups is the most sensitive period to fluoride exposure regarding the development of dental fluorosis in the maxillary central incisors [Den Besten, 1992Pendrys et al, 1994;Hong et al, 2006a]. Another study observed that the 1st year of life was the most critical period for the development of dental fluorosis in maxillary and mandibular central incisors [Ismail and Messer, 1996]. Fluoride intake was assessed through a 'duplicate sample diet' and analysis of saliva expectorated after toothbrushing [Guha-Chowdhury et al, 1990.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

et al. 2008

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Objective: To evaluate the relationship between fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in permanent central incisors and first molars. Methods: Fluoride intake (mg F/kg body weight/day) from diet, dentifrice and both combined was determined on a single occasion in 1998 among children aged 19–39 months living in two fluoridated Brazilian communities (0.6–0.8 ppm F). Six years later, when the permanent teeth of these children had erupted (central incisors and first molars), 49 children aged 7–9 years [20 girls (40.8%) and 29 boys (58.2%)] were evaluated for dental fluorosis. To test the association between fluorosis and fluoride intake, children were dichotomized into two groups, cases (children with dental fluorosis on at least two teeth, TFI ≧1) and noncases (children without dental fluorosis, TFI = 0). Results: Among the case group (n = 29), median fluoride doses from diet, dentifrice and combined were 0.031, 0.050 and 0.083 mg F/kg/day, respectively. Among the noncase group (n = 20), median fluoride doses were 0.029, 0.049, 0.084 mg F/kg/day, respectively. There was no association between dental fluorosis in permanent teeth and fluoride intake from diet, dentifrice and combined (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference between children with and without fluorosis in the permanent central incisors and first molars regarding fluoride intake. However, this study has limitations that must be recognized: fluoride intake was only measured once, and there were no children in the sample with severe degrees of dental fluorosis.

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The Risk of Fluorosis in Students Exposed to a Higher than Optimal Concentration of Fluoride in Well Water

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan

Fluoride concentrations in three types of commercially packed tea drinks in Taiwan

Potential exposure and risk of fluoride intakes from tea drinks produced in Taiwan

Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth

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