The rising threat of cyberhate for young people around the globe

Bauman, Sheri; Perry, Vanessa M.; Wachs, Sebastian

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817499-9.00008-9

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…This result seems surprising in light of the fact that the gender is one of the categories targeted by haters (such as race, religion, etc. ), but at the same time it confirms the lack of consistent findings in the literature on the relationships between gender and cyberhate perpetration, exposure and victimization (Bauman et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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In this paper we present the results of a systematic review aimed at investigating what the literature reports on cyberbullying and cyberhate, whether and to what extent the connection between the two phenomena is made explicit, and whether it is possible to identify overlapping factors in the description of the phenomena. Specifically, for each of the 24 selected papers, we have identified the predictors of cyberbullying behaviors and the consequences of cyberbullying acts on the victims; the same analysis has been carried out with reference to cyberhate. Then, by comparing what emerged from the literature on cyberbullying with what emerged from the literature on cyberhate, we verify to what extent the two phenomena overlap in terms of predictors and consequences. Results show that the cyberhate issue related to adolescents is less investigated than cyberbullying, and most of the papers focusing on one of them do not refer to the other. Nevertheless, by comparing the predictors and outcomes of cyberbullying and cyberhate as reported in the literature, an overlap between the two concepts emerges, with reference to: the parent-child relationship to reduce the risk of cyber-aggression; the link between sexuality and cyber-attacks; the protective role of the families and of good quality friendship relationships; the impact of cyberbullying and cyberhate on adolescents' individuals' well-being and emotions; meaningful analogies between the coping strategies put in practice by victims of cyberbullying and cyberhate. We argue that the results of this review can stimulate a holistic approach for future studies on cyberbullying and cyberhate where the two phenomena are analyzed as two interlinked instances of cyber-aggression. Similarly, prevention and intervention programs on a responsible and safe use of social media should refer to both cyberbullying and cyberhate issues, as they share many predictors as well as consequences on adolescents' wellbeing, thus making it diminishing to afford them separately.Systematic Review Registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021239461.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…These differences must be contextualized in terms of definitions and assessments. Finally, a recent narrative review (Bauman et al, 2020) on the frequency of online hate speech (cyberhate) among children and adolescents acknowledges a variety of definitions and assessment methods and a paucity of empirical studies focused on young people. This review, however, contains little information regarding hate speech in offline contexts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena

Kansok-Dusche

Ballaschk

Krause

et al. 2022

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (κ = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research.

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“…There again, some further investigation on the different types of support within the school but also differences in school climates would be relevant. As stressed by the American Jewish Committee Berlin (2017) quoted by Bauman et al, (2021) teachers find it challenging to deal with discriminatory behaviours and intercultural issues. This last point might lead students not to rely on teachers' support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amongst adolescents belonging to a group targeted by discrimination, those from ethnic or religious groups appear to be most at risk of victimization by cyberhate (Bauman et al, 2021; Tynes et al, 2008). This may be because, unlike other discriminated groups (e.g.…”

Section: Discrimination and Life Satisfaction As Risk Factors For Cyb...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Amplification of Cyberhate Victimisation by Discrimination and Low Life Satisfaction: Can Supportive Environments Mitigate the Risks?

Görzig

Blaya²,

Bedrošová

et al. 2022

The Journal of Early Adolescence

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There is some indication that discrimination as well as low levels of life satisfaction render young people at risk of cyberhate victimization. Adopting a socio-ecological perspective, this paper examines whether supportive family, peer and school environments may buffer against the effects of perceived discrimination and low life satisfaction on cyberhate victimization. Data from four countries ( N = 3396) of the EU Kids Online IV survey on children aged 11–17 (51% girls) revealed a positive association between perceived discrimination and cyberhate victimization, but this impact was moderated by supportive family and peer environments. A negative association between life satisfaction and cyberhate victimization was mitigated by peer support. However, no associations with the school context were found. The current study provides new insights on how social support on different levels of the social environment may buffer against potential risk factors for cyberhate victimization and can inform decision-makers towards intervention and prevention strategies.

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The rising threat of cyberhate for young people around the globe

Cited by 8 publications

References 56 publications

Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

Cyberbullying and Cyberhate as Two Interlinked Instances of Cyber-Aggression in Adolescence: A Systematic Review

A Systematic Review on Hate Speech among Children and Adolescents: Definitions, Prevalence, and Overlap with Related Phenomena

The Amplification of Cyberhate Victimisation by Discrimination and Low Life Satisfaction: Can Supportive Environments Mitigate the Risks?

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