The Rise and Fall of Organometallic Additives in Automotive Gasoline

Oudijk, Gil

doi:10.1080/15275920903346794

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Lead production statistics from southern Africa prior to 1938 are limited18, however after this time Pb ore production was recorded as a mere 25 kt compared with 274 kt produced in Australia19. Lead was totally eliminated from gasoline in the largest and southernmost countries of the SH after this time: New Zealand (1996), Brazil (1997), Argentina (1998), Chile (2001), Australia (2002), and South Africa (2006)2021. This is seen in the isotopic ratios which increased rapidly after 1996 and remained high, in the range 1.18 to 1.20 since, corresponding to a period of generally lower concentration and enrichment (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

McConnell

Maselli

Sigl

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

101

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Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

McConnell

Maselli

Sigl

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

101

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“…Restrictions on benzene as an anti-knock additive, intensive lobbying by TEL manufacturers, and a gag order by the Federal Trade Commission restricting criticism of TEL, all further increased demand for the product. Despite growing evidence of its public health dangers, it was eventually used in more than 90% of gasoline sold in the US (Kitman, 2000;Nriagu, 1990;Oudijk, 2010). Between 1927 and 1994, American cars released an estimated 5.37 million metric tons (Mg) of Pb into the atmosphere.…”

Section: Anthropogenic Leadmentioning

confidence: 97%

A critical physical geography of urban soil contamination

McClintock

2015

Geoforum

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“…An important source of Pb emissions was leaded gasoline, which was introduced in South America and Australia during the 1930s and was not banned until the 1990s (41). In Antarctic firn, corresponding increases in Pb were interpreted to reflect Pb emitted from the continental landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere and possibly also the Northern Hemisphere (36,42).…”

Section: Twentieth Century Atmospheric Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread pollution of the South American atmosphere predates the industrial revolution by 240 y

Uglietti

Gabrielli

Cooke

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In the Southern Hemisphere, evidence for preindustrial atmospheric pollution is restricted to a few geological archives of low temporal resolution that record trace element deposition originating from past mining and metallurgical operations in South America. Therefore, the timing and the spatial impact of these activities on the past atmosphere remain poorly constrained. Here we present an annually resolved ice core record (A.D. 793–1989) from the high-altitude drilling site of Quelccaya (Peru) that archives preindustrial and industrial variations in trace elements. During the precolonial period (i.e., pre-A.D. 1532), the deposition of trace elements was mainly dominated by the fallout of aeolian dust and of ash from occasional volcanic eruptions, indicating that metallurgic production during the Inca Empire (A.D. 1438−1532) had a negligible impact on the South American atmosphere. In contrast, a widespread anthropogenic signal is evident after around A.D. 1540, which corresponds with the beginning of colonial mining and metallurgy in Peru and Bolivia, ∼240 y before the Industrial Revolution. This shift was due to a major technological transition for silver extraction in South America (A.D. 1572), from lead-based smelting to mercury amalgamation, which precipitated a massive increase in mining activities. However, deposition of toxic trace metals during the Colonial era was still several factors lower than 20th century pollution that was unprecedented over the entirety of human history.

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The Rise and Fall of Organometallic Additives in Automotive Gasoline

Cited by 37 publications

References 68 publications

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

A critical physical geography of urban soil contamination

Widespread pollution of the South American atmosphere predates the industrial revolution by 240 y

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