The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment

Kroll, Judith F.; Hell, Janet G. van; Tokowicz, Natasha; Green, David W.

doi:10.1017/s136672891000009x

Cited by 422 publications

(382 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Moreover cross-linguistic priming showed that although morphological priming occurred for switching from L2 to L1, it caused the opposite effect for switching from L1 to L2. These results confirm predictions made by the Revised Hierarchical Model (KROLL et al, 2010), which explains this type of data in terms of the relative weakness of concept to word form mapping in L2 as compared to word form to concept mapping. Keywords: switching; bilingual word recognition; N400.…”

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confidence: 88%

Morphological priming resists language and modality switching in late Dutch-Brazilian Portuguese bilinguals

Soto

Manhães

2017

RELIN

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Abstract:In this study, we aimed to investigate how late bilinguals of Dutch and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) engage in morphological processing in L2. Morphologically related and unrelated word pairs combined with cross-linguistic and cross-modal variations were presented in a lexical decision experiment in order to compare morphological priming effects in L2 and L1. We collected both reaction times and Event Related Potentials (ERPs). In L2, morphological priming effects were observed in lower amplitudes for the N400 component, but no effect was observed for RT measures. This can be explained under the assumption that the N400 component is more sensitive to lexical properties of roots (e.g.√friend) than to lexical properties of full word forms (e.g. friendliness). We consider that difficulties in L2 morphological processing are not necessarily due to a lack of parsing of morphemic units, but because of Revista de Estudos da Linguagem, Belo Horizonte, v.25, n.3, p. 1717-1766, 2017 1718 the difficulty in the semantic interpretation of derivational morphemes in L2. This occurs via compositional mechanisms that are grammatically constrained, which are especially difficult to acquire in adult life. This is in line with what is suggested by the Superficial Processing Hypothesis (CLAHSEN et al., 2010). Moreover cross-linguistic priming showed that although morphological priming occurred for switching from L2 to L1, it caused the opposite effect for switching from L1 to L2. These results confirm predictions made by the Revised Hierarchical Model (KROLL et al., 2010), which explains this type of data in terms of the relative weakness of concept to word form mapping in L2 as compared to word form to concept mapping. Keywords: switching; bilingual word recognition; N400.Resumo: Neste estudo, pretende-se investigar o processamento morfológico em bilíngues tardios de holandês (L1) e português brasileiro (L2). Pares de palavras morfologicamente relacionados e pares não relacionados foram apresentados em uma tarefa de decisão lexical com alternância de línguas e de modalidade entre prime e alvo a fim de comparar efeitos de priming morfológico na L1 e na L2. Coletamos tempos de resposta (TRs) e Potenciais Relacionados a Eventos (ERPs). Na L2, efeitos de priming morfológico foram observados nas amplitudes reduzidas do componente do N400, mas nenhum efeito foi observado para os TRs. Isso pode ser explicado, se considerar que o N400 é mais sensível às propriedades lexicais das raízes (ex. √amigo) do que às propriedades lexicais das palavras inteiras (ex. amigável). As dificuldades no processamento morfológico na L1 não são necessariamente devidas a uma falha na segmentação dos morfemas, mas devido à dificuldade para interpretar os morfemas derivacionais semanticamente. Isso depende de mecanismos composicionais que são guiadas pelas regras morfológicas que são especialmente difíceis para serem adquiridas durante a vida adulta. Essa conclusão está de acordo com a Hipótese de Processamento Superficial (CLAHSEN et al., 2010). Ainda, a...

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supporting

confidence: 88%

Morphological priming resists language and modality switching in late Dutch-Brazilian Portuguese bilinguals

Soto

Manhães

2017

RELIN

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“…The model has been criticized since because converging empirical data have supported language nonselectivity contrary to the hypothesized existence of two distinct lexicons formulated by the model. This question is still open, and Kroll et al (2010) argue that bilinguals might have separate lexicons with paralell access to content. The model is developmental and suggests that growing proficiency changes the functioning of the two languages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model is developmental and suggests that growing proficiency changes the functioning of the two languages. Proficient bilinguals do not use translation equivalents from the L1 to work with L2 words (Kroll et al 2010). Kroll and Sunderman (2003) believe that proficiency is the key factor, which can lead to concept mediation in the second language and that this factor also ensures that the L2 links to concepts become more similar as in L1 (Schwartz & Kroll 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional activation measured using the emotional Stroop task in early Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals from Serbia

Grabovac¹,

Pléh²

2014

Acta Linguistica Hungarica

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The primary goal of this research was to examine the processing of emotionally valenced and neutral words in the context of bilingualism. The objective was to find out, using an experimental measure of automatic emotional activation, if there were differences in response time in the first and the second language, Hungarian and Serbian respectively. The sample consisted of early Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals, assimilated into the Serbian majority culture.The emotional Stroop task is an experimental paradigm, which has been adapted to measure bilingual population in the past few years. The emotional Stroop interference could be counted from response time latencies, which is usually an effect showing longer responses to negative vs. neutral information.Hungarian and Serbian negatively, positively and neutrally valenced words were used in the research. Our hypothesis was that there would be a similar emotional activation in the first and the second language and that negative words would be processed the longest.The result of the research was a significant main effect of word type, where the negative information captured the attention for a longer period of time than the neutral one. A similar pattern of word processing showed in both languages, there were no significant differences between Hungarian and Serbian reaction times and the interaction between word type and language was not significant. The results suggested that early Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals were equally effective and fast in monitoring emotional information in both of their languages, giving emphasis through more elaborative processing to the threatening stimuli.

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“…The relationship between the pairs would also, of course, be represented at the semantic level, potentially allowing priming from either of two sources. More recently, the argument has been advanced that translation equivalents actually only share a relationship at the semantic level (e.g., Brysbaert & Duyck, 2010, although see Kroll, van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010). Even if that is true, however, the semantic relationship they have would be as strong a semantic relationship as it would be possible to create, especially when considering that the word pairs we used all represent simple familiar concepts (e.g., espejo-MIRROR) that share virtually all their senses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-cognate translation priming effects in the same–different task: evidence for the impact of “higher level” information

Lupker

Perea

Nakayama

2015

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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Norris and colleagues have proposed that priming effects observed in the masked prime same-different task are based solely on pre-lexical orthographic information. This proposal was evaluated by examining translation priming effects from non-cognate translation equivalents using both Spanish-English and Japanese-English bilinguals in the same-different task. Although no priming was observed for Spanish-English bilinguals, who also produced very little translation priming in a lexical decision task, significant priming was observed for Japanese-English bilinguals. These results indicate that, although most of the priming in the same-different task has an orthographic basis, other types of priming effects can emerge. Therefore, while the masked prime same-different task provides a good way of investigating the nature of orthographic coding, it, like the sandwich priming technique, can also be influenced by higher level information.

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The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment

Cited by 422 publications

References 63 publications

Morphological priming resists language and modality switching in late Dutch-Brazilian Portuguese bilinguals

Morphological priming resists language and modality switching in late Dutch-Brazilian Portuguese bilinguals

Emotional activation measured using the emotional Stroop task in early Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals from Serbia

Non-cognate translation priming effects in the same–different task: evidence for the impact of “higher level” information

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