The return of the plantation? Historical and contemporary trends in the relation between plantations and smallholdings in Southeast Asia

Bissonnette, Jean‐François; Koninck, Rodolphe De

doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1311867

Cited by 46 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Although H. brasiliensis originates from the Amazon basin, Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam) and India account for more than 90% of the 11.5 million ha of rubber plantations worldwide (FAOSTAT 2016). Contrary to common belief, most rubber farms are smallholdings rather than large estates belonging to agri-business companies (Bissonnette and De Koninck 2017). The NR sector is thereby an important source of income for millions of people as rubber harvesting and its initial transformation are labor intensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Nutrient management of immature rubber plantations. A review

Vrignon-Brenas

Gay

Ricard

et al. 2019

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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The rapid expansion of rubber tree plantations in recent decades has been accompanied by dramatic negative ecological and social impacts. Rubber sector stakeholders consequently engaged in sustainable production of rubber. Despite the lack of harvest during the immature stage following planting, this period plays a key role in future yields. Management practices, particularly fertilization regimes, are used by farmers to shorten the immature period as much as possible. This entails maintaining or even improving the productivity of existing plantations to face the demand for natural rubber. This review focuses specifically on the immature period of rubber tree plantations, as it is the most critical period for nutrient management. We reviewed available knowledge on fertilization practices, soil management, and nutrient dynamics in rubber plantations with the goal of developing a nutrient balance approach for this crop. Our review revealed (1) a notable difference between fertilizer recommendations made by technical institutes and those reported in the scientific literature; (2) that even though nutrient diagnostic methods could help growers adapt the fertilization of rubber trees more than 3 years of age, further studies are needed to adapt current methods to the wide range of cultivation areas; and (3) that the nutrient budget approach may be the best way to incorporate the variety of rubber tree cultivation conditions. In conclusion, the nutrient budget method is a promising way to improve the sustainability of rubber plantations through fertilization making it possible to increase nutrient use efficiency. A comprehensive approach based on nutrient budgets requires further in-depth studies to examine nutrient dynamics in a wide range of conditions, including intercropping and logging residue management between clearcutting and replanting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Nutrient management of immature rubber plantations. A review

Vrignon-Brenas

Gay

Ricard

et al. 2019

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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“…Our results further align with research in other tropical landscapes where commercial tree-based plantations have led to forest conversion, such as Peninsular Malaysia [114], Indonesia [114][115][116], Latin America [117], and Africa [9,118] for oil palm; and China [119][120][121][122] and Cambodia [123] for rubber. The expansion of these plantations in many tropical landscapes has been made possible due to the global demand for agricultural commodities, foreign direct investment, supportive government policies and programs, and the need to secure socio-economic benefits for local communities (e.g., [119,[124][125][126][127]). Shrub/Orchard largely contributed to the changes in forest and plantation expansion (Table 8; Figure 4).…”

Section: Twenty-year Land and Forest Cover Change In Tanintharyi Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined Landsat and L-Band SAR Data Improves Land Cover Classification and Change Detection in Dynamic Tropical Landscapes

Alban

Connette

Oswald³

et al. 2018

Remote Sensing

104

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Robust quantitative estimates of land use and land cover change are necessary to develop policy solutions and interventions aimed towards sustainable land management. Here, we evaluated the combination of Landsat and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data to estimate land use/cover change in the dynamic tropical landscape of Tanintharyi, southern Myanmar. We classified Landsat and L-band SAR data, specifically Japan Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) and Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (ALOS-2/PALSAR-2), using Random Forests classifier to map and quantify land use/cover change transitions between 1995 and 2015 in the Tanintharyi Region. We compared the classification accuracies of single versus combined sensor data, and assessed contributions of optical and radar layers to classification accuracy. Combined Landsat and L-band SAR data produced the best overall classification accuracies (92.96% to 93.83%), outperforming individual sensor data (91.20% to 91.93% for Landsat-only; 56.01% to 71.43% for SAR-only). Radar layers, particularly SAR-derived textures, were influential predictors for land cover classification, together with optical layers. Landscape change was extensive (16,490 km 2 ; 39% of total area), as well as total forest conversion into agricultural plantations (3214 km 2). Gross forest loss (5133 km 2) in 1995 was largely from conversion to shrubs/orchards and tree (oil palm, rubber) plantations, and gross gains in oil palm (5471 km 2) and rubber (4025 km 2) plantations by 2015 were mainly from conversion of shrubs/orchards and forests. Analysis of combined Landsat and L-band SAR data provides an improved understanding of the associated drivers of agricultural plantation expansion and the dynamics of land use/cover change in tropical forest landscapes.

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“…Independent oil palm smallholders quickly emerged once the benefits of oil palm cultivation by scheme farmers became obvious. Mills started buying produce outside their plasma and own plantations, and basic infrastructure developed by logging, plantation, and mineral oil companies opened up lands that were previously uneconomic to develop [103,104]. Findings from Jambi indicate that direct economic profits of independent oil palm plantations were significantly higher than forests [105].…”

Section: Heterogeneity and Expansion Amongst Oil Palm Smallholdersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia

Purwanto¹,

Santoso²,

Jelsma³

et al. 2020

Land

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With 15–20% of Indonesian oil palms located, without a legal basis and permits, within the forest zone (‘Kawasan hutan’), international concerns regarding deforestation affect the totality of Indonesian palm oil export. ‘Forest zone oil palm’ (FZ-OP) is a substantive issue that requires analysis and policy change. While spatial details of FZ-OP remain contested, we review literature on (1) the legal basis of the forest zone and its conversion, (2) social stratification in oil palm production (large-scale, plasma and independent growers), and (3) environmental consequences of forest conversion to FZ-OP, before discussing policy options in a range of social and ecological contexts. Policy options range from full regularization (as FZ-OP stands could meet international forest definitions), to conditional acceptance of diversified smallholder plantings in ‘agroforestry concessions’, to gradually phasing out FZ-OP and eviction/destruction. A nuanced and differentiated approach to FZ-OP is needed, as certification of legality along supply chains is vulnerable to illegal levies and corruption. Corporate actors trading internationally can avoid use of uncertified raw materials, effectively shifting blame and depressing farmgate prices for domestic-market palm oil, but this will not return forest conditions or stop further forest conversion. We discuss an agenda for follow-up policy research.

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The return of the plantation? Historical and contemporary trends in the relation between plantations and smallholdings in Southeast Asia

Cited by 46 publications

References 34 publications

Nutrient management of immature rubber plantations. A review

Nutrient management of immature rubber plantations. A review

Combined Landsat and L-Band SAR Data Improves Land Cover Classification and Change Detection in Dynamic Tropical Landscapes

Agroforestry as Policy Option for Forest-Zone Oil Palm Production in Indonesia

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