The Resurrection of Glanders in a new Epidemiological Scenario: A Beneficiary of “Global Change”

Elschner, Mandy C.; Neubauer, Heinrich; Sprague, Lisa D.

doi:10.1007/s40588-017-0058-6

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Our findings corroborate with a recent study wherein more number of glanders cases were recorded in May and June in Brazil (Fonseca‐Rodrígueza, Pinheiro Júniorb, & Mota, ). The association between month of sampling and seropositivity to B. mallei infection is consistent with previous findings that reported seasonal shifting, and working stress plays an important role in disease flare‐up (Elschner, Neubauer, & Sprague, ). In India, donkeys, mules and ponies are generally used as pack animals in brick kilns and construction works.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018

Singha

Karuppusamy

Tripathi

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Equine glanders is an infectious and notifiable bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease has been reported in South American, African and Asian countries including India. Here, we present the outcome of glanders serosurveillance carried out between January 2015 and December 2018 to know the status of equine glanders among different states in India. A total of 102,071 equid sera from 299 districts of twenty-one states and one union territory were tested for glanders. Samples were screened with Hcp1 indirect ELISA followed by confirmatory diagnosis by CFT. During this four-year surveillance, a total of 932 glanders-positive cases were detected from 120 districts of 12 states. The study also revealed increasing trend of glanders from 2016 onwards with maximum occurrence in northern India. Overall seroprevalence ranged between 0.62% (95% CI, 0.52-0.72) and 1.145% (95% CI, 1.03-1.25). Seasonal shifting from winter to summer (March to June) coincided with highest number glanders | 1337 SINGHA et Al.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018

Singha

Karuppusamy

Tripathi

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Although glanders has been eradicated from many countries over the last century, several outbreaks of glanders still occurred in the equine population in Asia, Middle-East, Africa, and South America [1, 12]. The international movement of horses increases the risks of spreading exotic diseases, and many cases of disease transfer, including glanders, have been identified [13, 14].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens

et al. 2019

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Background Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the problems is that B. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. The aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the laboratory diagnosis of glanders. We formulated a new agar, named BM agar, to enrich B. mallei growth, but inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi based on their antimicrobial profiles. We compared the growth of B. mallei on BM with Xie’s and PC agars, the two previously described selective agars for B. mallei. Results BM agar could sufficiently grow almost all of the tested B. mallei strains within 72 h: only one out of the 38 strains grew scantly after 72 h of incubation. BM agar was further tested with other Burkholderia species and various bacterial species commonly found in the nasal cavities and on the skin of horses. We have found that other Burkholderia species including B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis can grow on BM agar, but non- Burkholderia species cannot. Furthermore, the specificities of the three selective agars were tested with or without spiking B. mallei culture into clinical specimens of non-sterile sites collected from healthy horses. The results showed that BM agar inhibited growths of fungi and other bacterial species better than PC and Xie’s agars. We have also found that growth of B. mallei on BM agar was equivalent to that on 5% horse blood agar and was significantly greater than those on the other two agars ( P < 0.05). Conclusions We believe that BM agar can be used to efficiently isolate B. mallei from mixed samples such as those typically collected from horses and other contaminated environments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1874-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Alternative serological tests based on B. mallei protein extracts or recombinant proteins have been developed and recent comparison studies concluded that sensitivity and specificity of evaluated tests were comparable with those obtained with the complement fixation test, opening the possibility of replacing it by more easily standardisable methods (Elschner et al, 2017(Elschner et al, , 2021. Nevertheless, one of the current constraints for ELISAs is their availability in a commercial format.…”

Section: Clinical Signs and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders)

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for glanders. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Considering the epidemiology and distribution of glanders, it was foreseen that three different situations could lead to a suspicion of the disease. Sampling procedures were defined for each of the three different suspicion types, which can also be applied in most of the other scenarios assessed. The monitoring period (6 months) was assessed as effective in all scenarios. The AHAW Panel of experts considered the minimum radius and duration of the existing protection and surveillance zone, set at the establishment level, effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to glanders.

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The Resurrection of Glanders in a new Epidemiological Scenario: A Beneficiary of “Global Change”

Cited by 11 publications

References 49 publications

Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018

Serological surveillance and clinical investigation of glanders among indigenous equines in India from 2015 to 2018

A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens

Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders)

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