The results of 612 years of artificial fluoridation of drinking water in The Netherlands

Dirks, O. Backer; Houwink, B; Kwant, G.W.

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(61)90065-6

Cited by 73 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The study ran from 1953 until 1971 and found differences between the localities in caries severity with significantly fewer white spot lesions in Tiel progressing into cavitated lesions compared to non-fluoridated Culemborg. In Tiel 93% of buccal and 86% interproximal lesions had not progressed into dentine compared to 65% buccal and 65% interproximal lesions in Culemborg [4-7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation

McGrady

Ellwood

Maguire³

et al. 2012

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundTo determine the association between social deprivation and the prevalence of caries (including caries lesions restricted to enamel) and enamel fluorosis in areas that are served by either fluoridated or non-fluoridated drinking water using clinical scoring, remote blinded, photographic scoring for caries and fluorosis. The study also aimed to explore the use of remote, blinded methodologies to minimize the effect of examiner bias.MethodsSubjects were male and female lifetime residents aged 11–13 years. Clinical assessments of caries and fluorosis were performed on permanent teeth using ICDAS and blind scoring of standardized photographs of maxillary central incisors using TF Index (with cases for fluorosis defined as TF > 0).ResultsData from 1783 subjects were available (910 Newcastle, 873 Manchester). Levels of material deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation) were comparable for both populations (Newcastle mean 35.22, range 2.77-78.85; Manchester mean 37.04, range 1.84-84.02). Subjects in the fluoridated population had significantly less caries experience than the non-fluoridated population when assessed by clinical scores or photographic scores across all quintiles of deprivation for white spot lesions: Newcastle mean DMFT 2.94 (clinical); 2.51 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 4.48 (clinical); 3.44 (photo) and caries into dentine (Newcastle Mean DMFT 0.65 (clinical); 0.58 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 1.07 (clinical); 0.98 (photo). The only exception being for the least deprived quintile for caries into dentine where there were no significant differences between the cities: Newcastle mean DMFT 0.38 (clinical); 0.36 (photo), Manchester mean DMFT 0.45 (clinical); 0.39 (photo). The odds ratio for white spot caries experience (or worse) in Manchester was 1.9 relative to Newcastle. The odds ratio for caries into dentine in Manchester was 1.8 relative to Newcastle. The odds ratio for developing fluorosis in Newcastle was 3.3 relative to Manchester.ConclusionsWater fluoridation appears to reduce the social class gradient between deprivation and caries experience when considering caries into dentine. However, this was associated with an increased risk of developing mild fluorosis. The use of intra-oral cameras and remote scoring of photographs for caries demonstrated good potential for blinded scoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation

McGrady

Ellwood

Maguire³

et al. 2012

BMC Public Health

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“…Socioeconomic status and caries prevalence have shown inverse relationship and it is seen that children with immigrant backgrounds have three times higher caries rates than nonimmigrants. [ 16 17 ] In this study, according to OHAT, 30% had healthy natural teeth with no decay or broken teeth/roots; 56.1% natural teeth with 1–3 decay or broken teeth/roots or teeth very worn down; and 13.9% had 4 or more decayed or broken teeth/roots, or fewer than teeth, or very worn down teeth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Assessment of Oral Health Status with Visually Impaired Children in Patna City, Bihar

Anand

Kavita

Pandey

et al. 2021

Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences

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Aim: Children with a visually impairment often face various challenges in their day-to-day skills. Oral hygiene maintenance is one major task for them. Such child has difficulty to live current normal life and demands of permission or healthy life. The present study aims to assess the oral health in children with visually impaired using oral health status assessment tool in Patna city. Methodology: A cross-sectional institutional survey was implicated among visually impaired children who attend special school in Patna city. A total of 180 visually impaired children were selected as per the inclusion criteria. Participant's parents gave written consent for the study. The oral hygiene practices of visually impaired children were recorded by teachers. Oral health assessment tool (OHAT) findings were recorded by the principal investigator. Results: Sixty-seven percent of children had gingival inflammation and 59.8% had normal tongue. 55.2% of children had 1–3 decayed or broken teeth and 16.1% had unhealthy natural teeth. 78.7% of children had change in oral hygiene. Conclusion: Oral health status of visually impaired child was very poor and gingivitis was also seen according to usage of oral hygiene assessment tool(OHAT). The sentence should be chaged as Oral health status of visually impaired child was very poor and gingivitis was also seen according to usage of oral hygiene assessment tool (OHAT).

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“…Twelve studies used the Grade 4 (cavity into dentine) and above lesions threshold, [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]52,54 one study 33 used both Grade 3 (deep pitting reaching down to dentine) and above lesions and grade 4 and above lesions thresholds, one study 53 used the visual dentinal caries threshold described by Whittle and Downer. 64 One study 59 used the visual dentinal caries threshold originally described by Backer-Dirks et al, 65 11 studies 34-37,39,40,52,55-58 used the cavitated dentinal caries (3C) threshold recommended by the WHO 63 and five studies 12,17,22,38,51 12-13 years. 33 However, during the 1960s surveys, examined children were 3-19 years old.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental caries in children in Ireland: A systematic review

Sharma

Crowe

Cassetti

et al. 2023

Comm Dent Oral Epid

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BackgroundDental caries is the most common childhood disease worldwide. In the mid‐1960s, mandatory Community Water Fluoridation (CWF) was introduced in the Republic of Ireland (RoI) aimed at reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries in the population. In 2017, approximately, 71% of the Irish population was supplied with fluoridated drinking water.ObjectivesTo review all children's dental health surveys at National, Regional and County‐levels conducted in the Republic of Ireland from 1950 to 2021 and describe trends in dental caries prevalence. The secondary objective was to compare dental caries experience in children living in areas with and without CWF.MethodsSeven databases (Embase, Medline Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus and Lenus Ireland) were systematically searched followed by lateral searches from reference lists. Studies reporting the caries experience of Irish children were eligible for inclusion. Two authors independently evaluated the quality of included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist.ResultsThirty‐one studies were included. Over the last 70 years, at National, Regional and County levels, mean dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) scores have decreased and the percentage of caries‐free children has increased in 5, 8, 12, and 15‐year‐olds. The decline in dental caries indices observed throughout the country was greater in children living in areas with CWF. Between the 1960s and 2002, the mean dmft scores for 5‐year‐olds living in the RoI were reduced by approximately 82% and 69% for the fluoridated and non‐fluoridated groups respectively. Reduction in the mean DMFT scores for the 12‐year‐olds were 75% and 71%, respectively, for the fluoridated and non‐fluoridated groups. Between 1961 and 2014, reductions in the mean dmft/DMFT scores among 5 and 12‐years‐olds living in County Dublin were approximately 88% and 90% respectively. These results should be interpreted in the context of widespread use of fluoridated toothpaste in the RoI.ConclusionsLarge reductions in the prevalence of dental caries in Irish children have been observed over the last seven decades. Greater dental caries reductions have been reported among children living in areas with CWF compared to those without CWF.

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The results of 612 years of artificial fluoridation of drinking water in The Netherlands

Cited by 73 publications

References 7 publications

The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation

The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation

Assessment of Oral Health Status with Visually Impaired Children in Patna City, Bihar

Dental caries in children in Ireland: A systematic review

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