The Response of the Hadley Circulation to Climate Changes, Past and Future

Rind, David; Perlwitz, Judith

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8_15

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, uniform SST warming simulations turn out to be unable to mimic the modifications of the Hadley cell strength as well as the zonal-mean precipitation structure. In our simulations, the zonalmean meridional gradients of the SST are the main modulators of the Hadley circulation strength, as found by Rind and Perlwitz (2004). As the changes in the meridional SST gradients among existing coupled models are not characterized by a good overall agreement, this result provides an explanation to the also very weak agreement of these coupled simulations in terms of Hadley circulation changes (Gastineau et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…LS uses only the SST longitudinal anomalies of the IPSL-CM4 double CO 2 simulation. Rind and Perlwitz (2004) noted that longitudinal circulation could divert energy from the meridional cells. The modification of the Hadley circulation during ENSO also provides a good example of modification of the large-scale circulation by longitudinal anomalies (Wang 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Hadley and Walker Circulation Changes in Global Warming Conditions Described by Idealized Atmospheric Simulations

Gastineau

Treut

2009

Journal of Climate

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Sea surface temperature (SST) changes constitute a major indicator and driver of climate changes induced by greenhouse gas increases. The objective of the present study is to investigate the role played by the detailed structure of the SST change on the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the distribution of precipitation. For that purpose, simulations from the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace Coupled Model, version 4 (IPSL-CM4) are used where the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration is doubled. The response of IPSL-CM4 is characterized by the same robust mechanisms affecting the other coupled models in global warming simulations, that is, an increase of the hydrological cycle accompanied by a global weakening of the largescale circulation. First, purely atmospheric simulations are performed to mimic the results of the coupled model. Then, specific simulations are set up to further study the underlying atmospheric mechanisms. These simulations use different prescribed SST anomalies, which correspond to a linear decomposition of the IPSL-CM4 SST changes in global, longitudinal, and latitudinal components. The simulation using a globally uniform increase of the SST is able to reproduce the modifications in the intensity of the hydrological cycle or in the mean upward mass flux, which also characterize the double CO 2 simulation with the coupled model. But it is necessary (and largely sufficient) to also take into account the zonal-mean meridional structure of the SST changes to represent correctly the changes in the Hadley circulation strength or the zonal-mean precipitation changes simulated by the coupled model, even if these meridional changes by themselves do not change the mean thermodynamical state of the tropical atmosphere. The longitudinal SST anomalies of IPSL-CM4 also have an impact on the precipitation and large-scale tropical circulation and tend to introduce different changes over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The longitudinal SST changes are demonstrated to have a smaller but opposite effect from that of the meridional anomalies on the Hadley cell circulations. Results indicate that the uncertainties in the simulated meridional patterns of the SST warming may have major consequences on the assessment of the changes of the Hadley circulation and zonal-mean precipitation in future climate projections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hadley and Walker Circulation Changes in Global Warming Conditions Described by Idealized Atmospheric Simulations

Gastineau

Treut

2009

Journal of Climate

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“…At the same time, they largely overlooked land evidence of tropical glacial and tree-line descent that implied strong cooling. In the GISS GCM either the two datasets were found to be incompatible, or the model was seriously flawed (Rind and Peteet 1985). Subsequent work by other modelers reached the same conclusion.…”

Section: Fig I Surface Air Temperature Change In the Twomentioning

confidence: 94%

“…What we do know is that no GCM can produce the archetypal pre-Pleistocene climate response of little tropical warming and large high-latitude warming, so if it really occurred, and was due to increased C0 2 , then our model simulations are highly flawed. [A way out has been suggested by positing that the climate change is associated with increased ocean circulation (Rind and Chandler 1991;Raymo et al 1996); this would work because the increased poleward heat transport melts sea ice, resulting in strong high-latitude warming, and at the same time removes heat from the tropics, limiting any temperature change there. However, there is no firm evidence that the ocean circulation change occurred.]…”

Section: Fig I Surface Air Temperature Change In the Twomentioning

confidence: 99%

The Consequences of Not Knowing Low- and High-Latitude Climate Sensitivity

Rind¹

2008

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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“…For a CO 2 doubling or generally under global warming most studies find a weakening Hadley cell (e.g., OTTO-BLIESNER and CLEMENT, 2005;RIND and PERLWITZ, 2005;LU et al, 2007;VECCHI and SODEN, 2007). This is partly explained by the notion that the global hydrological cycle accelerates more slowly than the Clausius-Clapeyron reeschweizerbartxxx author lation, hence circulation must weaken (see also BETTS, 1998).…”

Section: Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years

Brönnimann¹,

Stickler²,

Griesser

et al. 2009

metz

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We present an analysis of the large-scale atmospheric circulation variability since 1900 based on various circulation indices. They represent the main features of the zonal mean circulation in the northern hemisphere in boreal winter (such as the Hadley circulation, the subtropical jet, and the polar vortex in the lower stratosphere) as well as aspects of the regional and large-scale circulation (the Pacific Walker Circulation, the Indian monsoon, the North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO, and the Pacific North American pattern, PNA). For the past decades we calculate the indices from different reanalyses (NCEP/NCAR, ERA-40, JRA-25, ERAInterim). For the first half of the 20 th century the indices are statistically reconstructed based on historical upper-air and surface data as well as calculated from the Twentieth Century Reanalysis. The indices from all these observation-based data sets are compared to indices calculated from a 9-member ensemble of "all forcings" simulations performed with the chemistry-climate model SOCOL. After discussing the agreement among different data products, we analyse the interannual-to-decadal variability of the indices in the context of possible driving factors, such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), volcanic eruptions, and solar activity. The interannual variability of the Hadley cell strength, the subtropical jet strength, or the PNA is well reproduced by the model ensemble mean, i.e., it is predictable in the context of the specified forcings. The source of this predictability is mainly related to ENSO (or more generally, tropical sea-surface temperatures). For other indices such as the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex, the NAO, or the poleward extent of the Hadley cell the correlations between observations and model ensemble mean are much lower, but so are the correlations within the model ensemble. Multidecadal variability and trends in the individual series are discussed in the context of the underlying anthropogenic and natural forcings. While consistent trends were found for some of the indices, results also indicate that care should be taken when analysing trends in reconstructions or reanalysis data. ZusammenfassungDiese Studie präsentiert Ergebnisse einer Analyse der Variabilität der großräumigen, atmosphärischen Zirkulation seit 1900, basierend auf verschiedenen Zirkulationsindizes. Die Indizes umfassen sowohl die Hauptcharakteristika der zonal gemittelten, nordhemisphärischen Zirkulation im Nordwinter (z.B. HadleyZirkulation, Subtropenjet und polarer Vortex in der unteren Stratosphäre) als auch Aspekte der regionalen und großräumigen Zirkulation (pazifische Walker-Zirkulation, indischer Monsun, nordatlantische Oszillation (NAO) und das "Pacific North American"-Muster (PNA)). Die Indizes wurden für die letzten Dekaden aus verschiedenen Reanalysen berechnet (NCEP/NCAR, ERA-40, JRA-25, ERA-Interim). Für die erste Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden sie dagegen, basierend auf historischen Bodendaten und Messdaten aus der freien Troposphäre, statistisch rek...

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The Response of the Hadley Circulation to Climate Changes, Past and Future

Cited by 14 publications

References 40 publications

The Hadley and Walker Circulation Changes in Global Warming Conditions Described by Idealized Atmospheric Simulations

The Hadley and Walker Circulation Changes in Global Warming Conditions Described by Idealized Atmospheric Simulations

The Consequences of Not Knowing Low- and High-Latitude Climate Sensitivity

Variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices for the northern hemisphere during the past 100 years

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