Vitamin A (VA) deficiency
continues to be a major global health
issue, despite measures to increase VA intake via consumption of staple
foods such as edible oil. Portable quantitative and semiquantitative
devices or test kits for internal quality control have the potential
to overcome some of the limitations of traditional methods of testing,
such as centralized laboratory, expensive equipment, and specially
trained staff. This landscape analysis and comprehensive systematic
mini-review catalogs and summarizes evidence on the analytical performance
of portable quantitative and semiquantitative devices and test kits
for the analysis of VA in edible oil. Studies or reports detailing
the usability and validation of portable devices and/or test kits,
as well as studies comparing device/test kit performance to a reference
standard such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were
included. Identified devices and test kits were compared for performance
versus the reference standard, usability, availability, and other
characteristics. We identified four portable methods: two devices,
the iCheck CHROMA and iCheck Chroma 3 from BioAnalyt; and two test
kits, the QuickView from Bagco Enterprises and the Strategic Alliance
for the Fortification of Vegetable Oils (SAFO) Test Kit by Badische
Anilin and Soda Fabrik (BASF). Included studies reported the following:
an internal validation of the portable method, a comparison of the
portable method against a reference standard, a comparison of the
portable method against another portable method, and several videos
and company websites, which detailed device characteristics. iCheck
CHROMA and QuickView quantified VA concentrations with high accuracy
and precision compared to the reference standard for field-based quantification,
were user-friendly, and provided results within 5 min. iCheck Chroma
3 requires more robust validation against a reference standard. We
did not find data on internal validation or comparison against a reference
standard for the current version of the SAFO test. Compared to QuickView
and SAFO, the iCheck devices can transfer results to a hard drive
or the Web, have an online order form for purchase, and meet a minimal
set of criteria for point-of-need devices. iCheck, QuickView, and
SAFO can quantify VA concentrations in the edible oils tested and
determine whether a fortified oil meets country standards. Additional
research is needed to validate these devices and test kits across
additional oil types and document the ability to meet the minimal
criteria for point-of-need devices suggested in this mini-review.
Validation against a reference standard is required
for SAFO. The limited number of portable methods available may be
due to market saturation. Future market and use case analyses to inform
the market size and utility of the different tests with publicly available
data will allow new manufacturers, particularly those in lower-to-middle-income
countries, to enter the market.