In our review we survey the observed properties of metal-insulator-metal devices involving such insulating layers, and discuss the mechanisms which have been proposed for their operation. Further, since the unusual properties may be technologically important, we outline some of the possible uses of these devices and the relevance of the phenomena to the mechanism of corrosion of certain metals.
Materials displaying the remarkable combination of high electrical conductivity and optical transparency already from the basis of many important technological applications, including flat panel displays, solar energy capture and other opto-electronic devices. Here we present the basic materials physics of these important materials centred on the nature of the doping process to generate n-type conductivity in transparent conducting oxides, the associated transition to the metallic (conducting) state and the detailed properties of the degenerate itinerant electron gas. The aim is to fully understand the origins of the basic performance limits of known materials and to set the scene for new or improved materials which will breach those limits for new-generation transparent conducting materials, either oxides, or beyond oxides.
A B S T R A C T An isotope dilution method, using 'Plabeled pyrophosphate, has been developed for the measurement of inorganic pyrophosphate (PP.) in human plasma. The specificity of the method was better than 90% as assessed by elution patterns during ion-exchange chromatography, by paper chromatography, and by incubation with inorganic pyrophosphatase. The 99% confidence limits for a single estimation of plasma PP. was -+-13%. There were no differences in plasma PPi between men and women, but the values in young people (0-15 yr) were slightly higher than in older people.The mean concentration (±+sE) of PP1 in the plasma of 73 men and women was 3.50 ±0.11 Amoles/liter (0.217 ±0.007 Ag P/ml) and the normal range (99%
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