The respiratory syncitial virus and its role in acute bronchiolitis

Everard, Mark L.; Milner, Anthony

doi:10.1007/bf01957564

Cited by 49 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 203 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…The epidemics of RSV infection occurring each winter appear to be attributable to a combination of poor herd immunity (30,31) with infants being particularly severely affected due to relatively poor passively acquired immunity (1,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), relatively small airways and a more intense inflammatory response (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

et al. 2016

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Background: Primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are characterized by high levels of IL-8 and an intense neutrophilia. Little is known about the cytokine responses in secondary infections. Preschool children experiencing RSV secondary infections were recruited from the siblings of infants admitted to hospital with RSV acute bronchiolitis. Methods: Fifty-one infants with acute bronchiolitis (39 RSV positive, 12 RSV negative) and 20 age-matched control infants were recruited. In addition, seven older siblings of infants from the RSV-positive cohort and confirmed RSV infection were recruited. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained using a flocked swab, and secretions extracted using centrifugation. Cytokine bead array was used to obtain levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, IL-6, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-α. results: Levels of IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the RSV-positive siblings compared with the RSV-positive infants. There were no significant differences between levels of the other cytokines in the primary and secondary infections. conclusion: The very high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 response characteristic of the primary RSV infection was not observed in secondary RSV-positive infections and this did not appear to be due to a global reduction in cytokine production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

et al. 2016

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“…One of the most important causes of severe respiratory infections in infants is the respiratory syncytial virus, 20 which is also implicated in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma 21 through a diminished production of antiinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-c and particularly IL-10, 21,22 which predisposes for persistent T H 2 cytokine response. 23 On the contrary, a prolonged immune challenge (such as repeated contact with other children or long-term parasite infections) seems to be associated with increased production of IL-10 by dendritic cells, which may induce a robust anti-inflammatory network, which in turn suppresses a T H 2 cytokine response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life☆

Marco

Pattaro²,

Locatelli³

et al. 2004

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…The clinical symptoms of RSV bronchiolitis include labored breathing, coughing, and wheezing ( 123 ). Microscopically, there is a massive neutrophil recruitment to the airways of infected children – these cells comprise for approximately 80% of infiltrated cells ( 124 – 127 ). Once in the airways, RSV is able to activate neutrophils, inducing degranulation and IL-8 secretion ( 128 ), and also to inhibit neutrophil apoptosis, through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent mechanisms ( 129 ).…”

Section: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pulmonary Diseases: Too Much of a Good Thing?

Porto¹,

Stein²

2016

Front. Immunol.

278

256

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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) arise from the release of granular and nuclear contents of neutrophils in the extracellular space in response to different classes of microorganisms, soluble factors, and host molecules. NETs are composed by decondensed chromatin fibers coated with antimicrobial granular and cytoplasmic proteins, such as myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase (NE), and α-defensins. Besides being expressed on NET fibers, NE and MPO also regulate NET formation. Furthermore, histone deimination by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a central step to NET formation. NET formation has been widely demonstrated to be an effective mechanism to fight against invading microorganisms, as deficiency in NET release or dismantling NET backbone by bacterial DNases renders the host susceptible to infections. Therefore, the primary role of NETs is to prevent microbial dissemination, avoiding overwhelming infections. However, an excess of NET formation has a dark side. The pathogenic role of NETs has been described for many human diseases, infectious and non-infectious. The detrimental effect of excessive NET release is particularly important to lung diseases, because NETs can expand more easily in the pulmonary alveoli, causing lung injury. Moreover, NETs and its associated molecules are able to directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death. In this regard, massive NET formation has been reported in several pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, and tuberculosis, among others. Thus, NET formation must be tightly regulated in order to avoid NET-mediated tissue damage. Recent development of therapies targeting NETs in pulmonary diseases includes DNA disintegration with recombinant human DNase, neutralization of NET proteins, with anti-histone antibodies and protease inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge on the pathophysiological role of NETs in pulmonary diseases as well as some experimental and clinical approaches to modulate their detrimental effects.

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The respiratory syncitial virus and its role in acute bronchiolitis

Cited by 49 publications

References 203 publications

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

Influence of early life exposures on incidence and remission of asthma throughout life☆

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Pulmonary Diseases: Too Much of a Good Thing?

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