The Requirement of Fatty Acids by Pityrosporum ovale

Shifrine, M.; Marr, Allen G.

doi:10.1099/00221287-32-2-263

Cited by 60 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…124,125 All the species within the genus, with the exception of Malassezia pachydermatis, are lipid-dependent due to their inability to initiate de novo synthesis of C 14 or C 16 fatty acids. 126 Thus, Malassezia spp. do not exist in the external atmosphere.…”

Section: Malasseziamentioning

confidence: 98%

Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues

Fukutomi

Taniguchi

2015

Allergology International

179

136

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Exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens can promote the development and worsening of allergic diseases. Although numerous species of fungi have been associated with allergic diseases in the literature, the significance of fungi from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Malassezia has been well documented. However, it should be emphasized that the contribution of different fungal allergens to allergic diseases is not identical, but species-specific. Alternaria and Cladosporium species are considered to be important outdoor allergens, and sensitization and exposure to species of these genera is related to the development of asthma and rhinitis, as well as epidemics of asthma exacerbation, including life-threatening asthma exacerbation. In contrast, xerophilic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, excluding Aspergillus fumigatus, are implicated in allergic diseases as indoor allergens. A. fumigatus has a high capacity to colonize the bronchial tract of asthmatic patients, causing severe persistent asthma and low lung function, and sometimes leading to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Malassezia are common commensals of healthy skin, although they are also associated with atopic dermatitis, especially on the head and neck, but not with respiratory allergies. Despite its importance in the management of allergic diseases, precise recognition of species-specific IgE sensitization to fungal allergens is often challenging because the majority of fungal extracts exhibit broad cross-reactivity with taxonomically unrelated fungi. Recent progress in gene technology has contributed to the identification of specific and cross-reactive allergen components from different fungal sources. However, data demonstrating the clinical relevance of IgE reactivity to these allergen components are still insufficient.

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Section: Malasseziamentioning

confidence: 98%

Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues

Fukutomi

Taniguchi

2015

Allergology International

179

136

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“…Since M. furfur is not able to synthesize lipids for the outermost cell wall layer de novo (Shifrine & Marr, 1963), the constituent fatty acids are recruited from the environment. This is reflected, for example, by the fact that its composition changes according to the lipids encountered in the habitat (Caprilli et al, 1973;Mittag, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that this lipid dependency is due to a defect in the synthesis of myristic acid, which serves as the precursor of long-chain fatty acids (Porro et al, 1976;Shifrine & Marr, 1963). Even so, the outermost layer of the complex cell wall consists mainly of lipids (Mittag, 1995), which are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of this fungus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

Brunke

Hube

2006

Microbiology

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Malassezia furfur is a dimorphic fungus and a member of the normal cutaneous microflora of humans. However, it is also a facultative pathogen, associated with a wide range of skin diseases. One unusual feature of M. furfur is an absolute dependency on externally provided lipids which the fungus hydrolyses by lipolytic activity to release fatty acids necessary for both growth and pathogenicity. In this study, the cloning and characterization of the first gene encoding a secreted lipase of M. furfur possibly associated with this activity are reported. The gene, MfLIP1, shows high sequence similarity to other known extracellular lipases, but is not a member of a lipase gene family in M. furfur. MfLIP1 consists of 1464 bp, encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 54?3 kDa, a conserved lipase motif and an N-terminal signal peptide of 26 aa. By using a genomic library, two other genes were identified flanking MfLIP1, one of them encoding a putative secreted catalase, the other a putative amine oxidase. The cDNA of MfLIP1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris and the biochemical properties of the recombinant lipase were analysed. MfLip1 is most active at 40 6C and the pH optimum was found to be 5?8. The lipase hydrolysed lipids, such as Tweens, frequently used as the source of fatty acids in M. furfur media, and had minor esterase activity. Furthermore, the lipase is inhibited by different bivalent metal ions. This is the first molecular description of a secreted lipase from M. furfur.

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“…A number of studies have described the specific fatty acid requirements and lipid metabolism of M. furfur (100,129,146). These studies demonstrated that in vitro growth occurs only in the presence of long-chain fatty acids from the C12 to C24 series.…”

Section: Macroscopic and Microscopic Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human infections due to Malassezia spp

1992

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The genus Malassezia contains three member species: Malassezia furfur and Malassezia sympodialis, both obligatory lipophilic, skin flora yeasts of humans, and Malassezia pachydermatis, a nonobligatory lipophilic, skin flora yeast of other warm-blooded animals. Several characteristics suggest the basidiomycetous nature of these yeasts, although a perfect stage has not been identified. Classically, these organisms are associated with superficial infections of the skin and associated structures, including pityriasis versicolor and folliculitis. Recently, however, they have been reported as agents of more invasive human diseases including deep-line catheter-associated sepsis. The latter infection occurs in patients, primarily infants, receiving parenteral nutrition (including lipid emulsions) through the catheter. The lipids presumably provide growth factors required for replication of the organisms. It is unclear how deep-line catheters become colonized with Malassezia spp. Skin colonization with M. furfur is common in infants hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units, whereas colonization of newborns hospitalized in well-baby nurseries and of older infants is rarely observed. Catheter colonization, which may occur without overt clinical symptoms, probably occurs secondary to skin colonization, with the organism gaining access either via the catheter insertion site on the skin or through the external catheter hub (connecting port). There is little information on the colonization of hospitalized patients by M. sympodialis or M. pachydermatis. Diagnosis of superficial infections is best made by microscopic examination of skin scrapings following KOH, calcofluor white, or histologic staining. Treatment of these infections involves the use of topical or oral antifungal agents, and it may be prolonged. Diagnosis of Malassezia catheter-associated sepsis requires detection of the organism in whole blood smears or in buffy coat smears of blood drawn through the infected catheter or isolation of the organism from catheter or peripheral blood or the catheter tip. Culture of M. furfur from blood is best achieved with Isolator tubes and plating onto a solid medium supplemented with a lipid source. Appropriate treatment of patients requires removal of the infected catheter with or without temporary stoppage of lipid emulsions; administration of antifungal therapeutic agents does not appear to be necessary. Because many patients who develop Malassezia catheter-associated sepsis have severe underlying illnesses, caution must be exercised in attributing all clinical deterioration to Malassezia infection. Our better understanding of how these organisms cause disease awaits the development of a useful typing scheme for epidemiologic studies and further studies on microbial virulence factors and the role of the immune response in pathogenesis.

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The Requirement of Fatty Acids by Pityrosporum ovale

Cited by 60 publications

References 4 publications

Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues

Sensitization to fungal allergens: Resolved and unresolved issues

MfLIP1, a gene encoding an extracellular lipase of the lipid-dependent fungus Malassezia furfur

Human infections due to Malassezia spp

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