The replacement value of sorghum and maize with or without supplemental enzymes for rice in extruded dog foods

Twomey, L N; Pluske, J.R.; Rowe, Jeffrey E.; Choct, Mingan; Brown, Wendy; Pethick, D.W.

doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00168-8

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Controversial results are described in literature about the effects of enzymatic mixtures in extruded diets for dogs. While some found positive results (Smet et al., 1999; Twomey et al., 2003b), others did not verify similar effects (Twomey et al., 2003a). The hypothesis of this research was that the negative control diet, based on poultry by‐product meal, would present better digestibility than those with SBM, making possible the evaluation of the effects of enzyme addition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Enzymes are added to diets to hydrolyse specific non‐digestible substances reducing the anti‐nutritional effects of some vegetable ingredients, improving their protein and energy value (Adeola and Cowieson, 2011). Few experiments have evaluated enzymes for dogs fed diets with NSP (Twomey et al., 2003a,b). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes supplementation on kibble diets for dogs formulated with SBM as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzyme effects on extruded diets for dogs with soybean meal as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal

Tortola¹,

Souza²,

Zaine³

et al. 2013

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Summary The effects of exogenous enzymes supplementation on kibble diets for dogs formulated with soybean meal (SBM) as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal (PM) was investigated on nutrient digestibility, fermentation products formation, post‐prandial urea response and selected faecal bacteria counts. Two kibble diets with similar compositions were used in two trials: PM‐based diet (28.9% of PM; soybean hulls as a fibre source) and SBM‐based diet (29.9% of SBM). In experiment 1, the SBM diet was divided into three diets: SBM‐0, without enzyme addition; SBM‐1, covered after extrusion with 7500 U protease/kg and 45 U cellulase/kg; and SBM‐2, covered with 15 000 U protease/kg and 90 U cellulase/kg. In experiment 2, the SBM diet was divided into three diets: SBM‐0; SBM‐1, covered with 140 U protease/kg; 8 U cellulase/kg, 800 U pectinase/kg, 60 U phytase/kg, 40 U betaglucanase/kg and 20 U xylanase/kg; and SMB‐2, covered with 700 U protease/kg, 40 U cellulase/kg, 4000 U pectinase/kg, 300 U phytase/kg, 200 U betaglucanase/kg and 100 U xylanase/kg. Each experiment followed a block design with six dogs per diet. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts (p < 0.05). In both experiments, nutrients and energy digestibility did not differ between diets (p > 0.05). SBM consumption resulted in increased faecal moisture and production (p < 0.05), without effect on faecal score. Higher concentration of propionate, acetate and lactate, and lower ammonia and pH were found in the faeces of dogs fed SBM (p < 0.05). Higher post‐prandial urea was verified in dogs fed SBM (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the addition of enzymes increased faecal concentration of propionate, acetate and total short‐chain fatty acid (p < 0.05) and tended to reduce post‐prandial urea concentration (p = 0.06). Although with similar digestibility, SBM shows a worse utilization of absorbed amino acids than the PM. Soybean oligosaccharides can beneficially change gut fermentation product formation. Enzymes can increase the gut fermentation activity and improve the SBM proteic value.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzyme effects on extruded diets for dogs with soybean meal as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal

Tortola¹,

Souza²,

Zaine³

et al. 2013

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…Those authors supplemented higher doses of xylanase (340 U/kg) and β‐glucanase (30 U/kg) than those used in the present study, which can explain the differences in results. It is noteworthy that the same authors, in a previous study, found no effect of the addition of 82 U/kg of β‐glucanase, 60 000 U/kg of hemicellulase and 225 U/kg xylanase to dogs diets containing sorghum and corn (Twomey et al., ). The difference in results, according to authors, is possibly due to NSP concentrations in the experimental diets that were lower in the first study and not enough to promote reduction in nutrient digestibility (Twomey et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It is noteworthy that the same authors, in a previous study, found no effect of the addition of 82 U/kg of β‐glucanase, 60 000 U/kg of hemicellulase and 225 U/kg xylanase to dogs diets containing sorghum and corn (Twomey et al., ). The difference in results, according to authors, is possibly due to NSP concentrations in the experimental diets that were lower in the first study and not enough to promote reduction in nutrient digestibility (Twomey et al., ). Even considering the important differences in the method of analysis of NSP among the studies of Twomey et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Enzyme use in kibble diets formulated with wheat bran for dogs: effects on processing and digestibility

Sá

Vasconcellos

Brunetto

et al. 2013

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryRecently, there is an interest in technologies that favour the use of coproducts for animal nutrition. The effect of adding two enzyme mixtures in diets for dogs formulated with wheat bran (WB) was evaluated. Two foods with similar compositions were formulated: negative control (NC; without WB) and test diet (25% of WB). The test diet was divided into four treatments: without enzyme (positive control), enzyme mixture 1 (ENZ1; added before extrusion b-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, glucoamylase, phytase); enzyme mixture 2 (ENZ2; added before extrusion the ENZ1 more a-amylase); enzyme mixture 2 added after the extrusion (ENZ2ex). ENZ1 and ENZ2 were used to evaluate the enzyme effect on extruder pre-conditioner (processing additive) and ENZ2ex to evaluate the effect of enzyme supplementation for the animal. Digestibility was measured through total collection of faeces and urine. The experiment followed a randomized block design with five treatments (diets) and six dogs per diet, totalling 30 dogs (7.0 AE 1.2 years old and 11.0 AE 2.2 kg of body weight). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey's test and orthogonal contrasts (p < 0.05). Reducing sugars showed an important reduction after extrusion, suggesting the formation of carbohydrate complexes. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid-hydrolysed fat and energy was higher in NC than in diets with WB (p < 0.001), without effects of enzyme additions. WB diets resulted in higher faecal production and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and reduced pH and ammonia concentration (p < 0.01), with no effect of enzyme addition. The enzyme addition did not result in improved digestibility of a diet high in non-starch polysaccharides; however, only ATTD was measured and nutrient fermentation in the large intestine may have interfered with the results obtained. WB modified fermentation product formation in the colon of dogs.

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“…Few studies have evaluated the effects of food processing on the action of enzymes, a fact that hinders further discussion as none focuses on protease activity (SHIN et al, 2005;DE PILLI et al, 2009;SÁ et al, 2013), In the study of Twomey et al (2003b), a total of 1000 mL of an enzyme solution containing xylanase (225.000 UI), α-amylase (18,750 UI), α-glucanase (82,500 UI), hemicellulase (6 × 10 7 UI), pectinase (4 × 10 6 UI), and endoglucanase (150,000 UI) were prepared in sufficient quantity for each ton of food manufactured, following a 200 times dilution to aid homogeneity of mixing. The enzyme solution was sprayed onto the feed at the time of feeding, and the addition of the enzyme significantly increased the fecal scores of dogs fed with diets based on corn, sorghum, poultry meal, and maize gluten.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the addition of papain enzyme on digestive parameters and palatability of extruded diets for dogs

Santos

Sá

Souza

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci.

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Common protein sources used in the manufacturing of diets for dogs are derived from by-products, which may have reduced digestibility depending on the source. This study evaluated the effect of the addition of a protease, the papain enzyme, as a supplement to extruded diets on palatability, nutrient digestibility, and fecal production and quality of dogs. A diet was formulated with poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal, and feather meal as protein sources. This formula was divided into three isonutrient diets: one negative control (NC), without enzymes; treatment one (EZ1) with addition of 855.000 UI of papain per kilogram of diet, and treatment two (EZ2) with addition of 2.280.000 UI of papain per kilogram of diet, both added before extrusion. The experiment followed a randomized block design, with two blocks of nine animals (three animals per treatment in each block), 18 dogs in total, and six replicates per treatment. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of three treatments were compared by polynomial contrasts (P < 0.05). No differences in the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients nor changes in palatability, pH, and fecal production among treatments were found with the addition of different doses of enzyme to the diets (P > 0.05). The fecal score was reduced with increased addition of enzyme (P < 0.05). Keywords: Additive. Canine. Digestibility. Protein. ResumoAs fontes comuns de proteína utilizadas na fabricação de rações para cães são oriundas de coprodutos, os quais podem apresentar digestibilidade reduzida de acordo com a fonte. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da adição da enzima papaína em dietas secas e extrusadas na palatabilidade, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, qualidade e produção fecal de cães adultos. Uma dieta foi formulada contendo farinha de vísceras de frango, farinha de carne e ossos e farinha de penas hidrolisadas como fontes proteicas. Esta foi posteriormente dividida em três dietas isonutrientes: controle negativo (CN) sem adição da enzima; adição de 855.000 UI de papaína por quilograma de ração (EZ1); e adição de 2.280.000 UI de papaína por quiilograma de ração (EZ2), ambas adições feitas antes da extrusão. O experimento seguiu delineamento em blocos casualizados, com dois blocos de nove animais (três animais por tratamento em cada bloco), totalizando 18 cães, e seis repetições por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância, com as médias dos três tratamentos comparadas por contrastes polinomiais (P < 0,05). Não foram verificadas diferenças nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes ou mesmo alterações na palatabilidade, pH e produção de fezes entre os tratamentos com diferentes inclusões de enzima (P > 0,05). Apenas o escore fecal reduziu com o aumento da adição da enzima (P < 0,05). Palavras-chave: Aditivo. Canino. Digestibilidade. Proteína.

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The replacement value of sorghum and maize with or without supplemental enzymes for rice in extruded dog foods

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Enzyme effects on extruded diets for dogs with soybean meal as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal

Enzyme effects on extruded diets for dogs with soybean meal as a substitute for poultry by‐product meal

Enzyme use in kibble diets formulated with wheat bran for dogs: effects on processing and digestibility

Effect of the addition of papain enzyme on digestive parameters and palatability of extruded diets for dogs

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