The Rendaku Database

Irwin, Mark

doi:10.1075/slcs.176.06irw

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…I employ two complementary compound databases for investigating various phonological restrictions of Rendaku in this paper. The main database that I use, Irwin et al (2020), is a collection of all 35,328 Rendaku candidate compounds that are found in two major dictionaries, Kenkyūsha (Watanabe et al 2008) and Kōjien (Shinmura 2008). Here, Rendaku candidate compounds refer to the compounds whose W B begins with a voiceless obstruent and does not include a voiced obstruent.…”

Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As I am investigating phonological restrictions of Rendaku, I excluded items that could potentially be affected by other factors that have been reported to dampen Rendaku. Irwin et al (2020) not only includes noun-noun compounds but also those that are comprised of verbs or adjectives; I excluded compounds that are only comprised of verbs as these rarely undergo Rendaku (Okumura 1955;Vance 2008;Irwin 2012). Irwin et al (2020) includes compounds with elements from any of the Japanese lexical strata: Yamato (native), Sino-Japanese, or foreign.…”

Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Irwin et al (2020) not only includes noun-noun compounds but also those that are comprised of verbs or adjectives; I excluded compounds that are only comprised of verbs as these rarely undergo Rendaku (Okumura 1955;Vance 2008;Irwin 2012). Irwin et al (2020) includes compounds with elements from any of the Japanese lexical strata: Yamato (native), Sino-Japanese, or foreign. I only included compounds whose W B is from the native stratum, as it has been reported that W B from either the Sino-Japanese or the foreign stratum can resist Rendaku (Vance 2007;Irwin 2005;.…”

Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A MaxEnt learner for super-additive counting cumulativity

Kim

2022

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics

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Whereas most previous studies on (super-)gang eﬀects examined cases where two weaker constraints jointly beat another stronger constraint (Albright 2012; Shih 2017; Breiss and Albright 2020), this paper addresses gang effects that arise from multiple violations of a single constraint, which Jäger and Rosenbach (2006) referred to as counting cumulativity. The super-additive version of counting cumulativity is the focus of this paper; cases where multiple violations of a weaker constraint not only overpower a single violation of a stronger constraint, but also surpass the mere multiplication of the severity of its single violation. I report two natural language examples where a morphophonlogical alternation in a compound is suppressed by the existence of marked segments in a super-additive manner: laryngeally marked consonants in Korean compound tensiﬁcation and nasals in Japanese Rendaku. Using these two test cases, this paper argues that these types of super-additivity cannot be entirely captured by the traditional MaxEnt grammar; instead, a modiﬁed MaxEnt model is proposed, in which the degree of penalty is scaled up by the number of violations, through a power function. This paper also provides a computational implementation of the proposed MaxEnt model which learns necessary parameters given quantitative language data. A series of learning simulations on Korean and Japanese show that the MaxEnt learner is able to detect super-additive constraints and ﬁnd the appropriate exponent values for those constraints, correctly capturing the probability distributions in the input data.

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Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Corpus Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A MaxEnt learner for super-additive counting cumulativity

Kim

2022

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics

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“…8 Unfortunately, rendaku applies mainly to native items, and native items rarely contain non-geminate /p/, because Japanese lost this phoneme at some point in its history (Ueda 1898;Frellesvig 2010;Takayama 2015). In the rendaku database (Irwin 2016b;Irwin & Miyashita 2016), there is one monomorphemic native stem that contains /p/ or /pp/, suppa-i 'sour', which undergoes rendaku (e.g. ama-zuppa-i 'sweet and sour').…”

Section: Summary Of Arguments and Further Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonology and orthography: The orthographic characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law

Kawahara

2018

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics

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This paper argues that phonology and orthography go in tandem with each other to shape our phonological behavior. More concretely, phonological operations are non-trivially affected by orthography, and phonological constraints can refer to them. The specific case study comes from a morphophonological alternation in Japanese, rendaku. Rendaku is a process by which the first consonant of the second member of a compound becomes voiced (e.g., /oo/ + /tako/ → [oo+dako] 'big octopus'). Lyman's Law blocks rendaku when the second member already contains a voiced obstruent (/oo/ + /tokage/ → *[oo+dokage], [oo+tokage] 'big lizard'). Lyman's Law, as a constraint which prohibits a morpheme with two voiced obstruents, is also known to trigger devoicing of geminates in loanwords (e.g. /beddo/ → [betto] 'bed'). Rendaku and Lyman's Law have been extensively studied in the past phonological literature. Inspired by recent work that shows the interplay between orthographic factors and grammatical factors in shaping our phonological behaviors, this paper proposes that rendaku and Lyman's Law actually operate on Japanese orthography. Rendaku is a process that assigns dakuten diacritics, and Lyman's Law prohibits morphemes with two diacritics. The paper shows that a set of properties of rendaku and Lyman's Law follows from this proposal. However, since some aspects of rendaku and Lyman's Law are undoubtedly phonological, the ultimate conclusion is that it is most fruitful to recognize a model of phonology in which it has access to orthographic information. Several consequences of the current proposal are discussed.

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“…To the best of our knowledge, the other aspects of our results have not been tested against the existing patterns of rendaku in the lexicon of contemporary Japanese. We can objectively address this question-whether the current results can be deduced from the patterns in the lexicon-once a comprehensive lexical database on rendaku is in place (see Irwin & Miyashita 2013 for an on-going attempt to build a lexical database on rendaku). Finally, our experiment examined the identity avoidance at the moraic level (CV units), because CV units are important phonological units in Japanese prosodic organization (Itô, 1989;Kubozono, 1989;Labrune, 2012), and also because found the effect of moraic identity avoidance in Japanese-(3a) and (3b) both violate consonantal identity avoidance, but only (3b) violates moraic identity avoidance.…”

Section: Remaining Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identity Avoidance and Rendaku

Kawahara

Sano

2014

AMP

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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span style="font-size: 10.000000pt; font-family: 'NimbusRomNo9L';">One important observation that is made in the past phonological research is that constraints on output structures can both block and trigger phonological processes (i.e., conspiracy: Kisseberth 1970). This paper reports an experiment which shows that an Identity Avoidance constraint (a.k.a. the OCP) both blocks and triggers one phonological process in the same language, namely rendaku in Japanese. Our wug- experiment shows that rendaku is more likely to apply when the two CV moras across a morpheme boundary are identical; i.e. an Identity Avoidance constraint triggers rendaku. The experiment also shows that rendaku is less likely to apply when it would result in two adjacent identical CV moras across a morpheme boundary; i.e. the Identity Avoidance constraint blocks rendaku. These blocking and triggering effects of the general Identity Avoidance constraint on rendaku are a new discovery in Japanese phonology, despite the fact that rendaku has been studied extensively in the previous literature, suggesting the importance of experimentation in phonological research. Moreover, our case study offers experimental confirmation of the OCP conspiracy in natural languages. </span></p></div></div></div>

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The Rendaku Database

Cited by 9 publications

References 115 publications

A MaxEnt learner for super-additive counting cumulativity

A MaxEnt learner for super-additive counting cumulativity

Phonology and orthography: The orthographic characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law

Identity Avoidance and Rendaku

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