The Renal Excretory Mechanisms and the Role of Organic Cations in Modulating the Renal Handling of Paraquat

Transport of Paraquat by Human Organic Cation Transporters and Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Family

“…The major organs affected by the agent are the kidney, liver, and lung, which accumulate high concentrations of PQ. PQ is a small divalent cation predominantly eliminated by the kidney in individuals with normal renal function (Chan et al, 1998). Therefore, it is crucial to maintain renal function in treating patients with PQ poisoning to facilitate its elimination.…”

“…Upon oral administration, PQ accumulates to high concentrations in kidney, liver, and lung, resulting in damage to these organs. PQ is predominantly excreted by the kidney; therefore, renal excretion is a major determinant of the systemic exposure to PQ (Chan et al, 1998). Although numerous studies have suggested that organic cation transport systems are involved in active secretion of PQ, the molecular identities of these transporters have not been established.…”

Intravenous injection of Xuebijing attenuates acute kidney injury in rats with paraquat intoxication

“…Within 12 to 24 hours of ingestion, more than 90% of paraquat is excreted unchanged by the kidney if the renal function remains normal. [13] In addition, the concentration of paraquat is the highest in the kidney except the lung. [14] Therefore, acute kidney injury was a recognized complication of paraquat intoxication.…”

Os riscos e danos nas intoxicações por paraquat em animais domésticos

“…Sua fórmula molecular é C 12 H 14 N 2 , com peso molecular de 186,25; na forma de dicloreto, C 12 H 14 N 2 Cl 2 , apresenta peso molecular de 257,25 (CHAN et al, 1998). Não é volátil, explosivo ou inflamável em solução aquosa.…”

“…Os seus sais são eletrólitos fortes que, em solução, dissociam-se em uma grande quantidade de íons positivos e negativos (SERRA et al, 2003). É solúvel em água, tem baixa solubilidade em álcoois e é insolúvel em hidrocarbonetos (CHAN et al, 1998 (OGA et al, 2003). O paraquat apresenta baixo custo, grande eficácia como herbicida e ausência de efeitos poluentes cumulativos para o solo (HONORE et al, 1994;SERRA et al, 2003;XARAU & LAITA, 2000).…”